Counter - canji ne da na halitta adawa da ta share Turai a XVI-XVII ƙarni. Magance rasa duk abin nufi da rabo cocin Katolika ya sosai karfi da kuma fadada ƙara, rufe kasashen da dama a Turai saboda haka da sauri da cewa Vatican da aka tilasta amsa da aiwatar da martani.
reciprocation
Counter - yana da wani m retaliatory awo, wanda ya nufin karfafa Katolika bangaskiya da kuma maido da amincewa a cikin ma'aikata na popes. A duka canji girgiza, Harsashin cocin Katolika, amma don ya hallaka ta gaba daya da kuma hana a lokacin da aka gudanar da Counter-canji. Wasu masana tarihi yi imani da cewa wadannan biyu m ƙungiyoyi wakiltar wani tayarwa gāba da kasa m kasashe na Italiya, wanda a wancan lokacin ya kasance sosai fasaha free jihar. A goyon bayan wannan tabbatarwa shi ne gaskiya cewa fushi a muzguna na cocin Katolika ya fara a Jamus bayan da jawabin Martina Lyutera, sa'an nan ya kama Faransa, Ingila, Holland, Spain, da Jamhuriyar Czech da kuma Switzerland. Italiya a lokacin da aka haka ƙi cewa kowa da kowa ya manta game da shi wurin haifuwa na Renaissance. Counter - Wannan Italian-Spanish martani ga makwabta.
Babban makami na Counter-canji
Dakatar da zanga-zangar da motsi ya taimaka haifar a 1534 da Ignatius Loyola Jesuit Order. A Italiya ya sa a gaba wani cancanci abokin irin mutane kamar Martin Luther, Zhan Kalvin, Yan Gus. Zai yiwu mayar da martani na cocin Katolika ba zai zama kamar tasiri, idan a cikin tsarin da kanta ba shi da muradin ka mallaki canji da kuma samun 'yanci daga zunuban wanda shi ya zargi abokan adawar. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa Counter-canji - shi ne ma wani ƙoƙari na ciki abu akan sake haihuwa na cocin Katolika. A ta gefe sun quite m sojojin - shugabannin kudancin Jamus da Italiya, da Sarkin sarakuna Karl da V, Paparoma Mai Tsarki Roman Empire da Sarki na Spain, da Filibus II. Su main kida sun da zuhudu umarni, da Inquisition da Roman Curia. A Inquisition kanta, haddasa tare da cinikayya a indulgences shi ne babban rashin biyan bukata da kuma fushin da mutane, kuma a 1542 aka tuba kuma ya zama wani kai tsaye papal biyayya.
fara events
Counter-canji a Turai ne a sa na matakan a kan wani ɓangare na cocin Katolika a domin dawo da ta girma. A 1545 an gudanar da majalisar Trent. A shirin na Paul III na, sa'an nan Paparoma, a Tridente faruwa XIX Ecumenical Council, ta gangara a tarihi karkashin sunan Serdikskogo. Kamar yadda jawabin Martina Lyutera sa'an nan suka samu ya shahara "95 theses" zuwa ƙofar Wittenberg coci shine farkon na canji da kuma XIX Cathedral ne masomin na Counter-canji. Yana ƙare a 1563, kuma babu shakka, ƙarfafa matsayin na Katolika. Daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci abubuwan da suka faru na babban coci, damar fiye da iko a kan zukatan 'yan kasa, ya halittar Index of haramta littattafai, soke kawai a shekarar 1966 da kuma dade hudu ƙarni. A canji da Counter-canji a Turai da su tushen haddasawa da kuma bango, lurking a cikin zurfin Katolika da Kristanci a cikin general.
zunubin da ya tuba
Counter-canji a Turai da aka bisa yafi a kan tsari na Jesuits, kafa a 1534 da kuma halatta ta Paparoma Paul III a 1540. A nawa da ya yi da Counter-canji, ya ce ya babban taken - "The karshen kuɓutar da wajen." Ingancinta da aka bayyana ta da Order na na'ura tare soja Lines, mafi tsanani horo da biyayya, matakin qarshe na ilimi na Jesuits da su m addini a gare su Katolika. A Jesuits rayu a duniya da kuma shahararrun kamar yadda ya zaluntar, da kuma mishan aiki. An yi imani da cewa mafi mabiyin adept - wani tsohon inveterate zunubi. A cewar Diderot, m Loyola matasa ciyar a yaƙe-yaƙe da mãsu yin zina. M tsananta da kuma ta jiki wargajewa Litattafansu sun sanya kalmar "Jesuit" iyali sunan, wanda ya} unshi jajircewar wayo, wata yaudara da kuma baseness. Sake bonfires una a cikin Turai. Daya daga cikin su ya ƙone a 1600 da Giordano Bruno.
All ba a rasa
"The Society of Yesu," Ignatiya Loyoly, suka yi yaƙi domin tsarki ta bangaskiya, ta dakatar da gaba na Protestantism, kuma ba shi ansu rubuce-rubucen Italiya, Spain, Austria. A Faransa, bayan wani mummunan kisan kiyashin na St. Bartholomew, wanda ya faru a 1572, lokacin da 30,000 Huguenots, kafa addini toleration aka yanke. Protestant karfe Sweden, Ingila, Prussia, Saxony da kuma Denmark. A canji da Counter-canji a Turai - An wakiltar addini wars na links na daya sarkar. A muhawara tsakanin Protestant da Katolika ya kasa gamawa kawai 30th bayan da warriors. Aminci ya na Westphalia, sa hannu a 1648, ya yi kiran ne a cikin coci Rights. A sabon addini dauke cikin manyan zunubai na lalaci, idleness da kuma almubazzaranci. Yana da cikakken m tare da kunno kai capitalism. Mutane dasa sha'awar yin kudi da kuma samun arziki, da kuma kunno kai gasar. Za mu iya amince ce cewa canji da Counter-canji da gudummawar da zargin sabon huldar cinikaiya da kuma canza tsarin. A sansanin, inda Katolika bai mika su a matsayinsu, capitalism zo yawa daga baya.