M kãshi Majalisar: da shekara na da halittar kuma da mahalarta

M kãshi Majalisar da aka kafa bayan mutuwar Bitrus Mai girma. Catherine ta Accession a kan karaga ya sa da bukatar kungiyar domin ya bayyana halin da ake ciki: da Empress bai iya duba ayyukan da gwamnatin Rasha.

abubuwan da ake bukata

Da kafa Koli kãshi Council, aka yi tunani, ya zuwa "soothe bakin ciki" na haihuwa nobility, shafe ta daga Figures nerodovitymi management. An ba da su canja siffar, wato yanayi da kuma jigon da m ikon, saboda, yayin da rikewa da lakabi, shi ya juya a cikin hukumomin gwamnati.

Wasu masu tarihi sun bayyana ra'ayin cewa, babban aibi da tsarin kafa ta Peter mai girma jikin ikon ya da rashin iyawa hada yanayi na zartarwa ikon da manufa na collegiality, sabili da haka Koli kãshi Majalisar da aka kafa.

Sai ya juya daga cewa zargin da wannan mafi girma shawarwari jiki ba haka ba ne sosai sakamakon na adawa na siyasa ba, kamar yadda ya cancanta, alaka da gibba a bai cika Petrine tsarin a saman management matakin. A sakamakon short-rayu aiki da majalisar ba da muhimmanci, saboda ya yi aiki nan da nan bayan tsanani da kuma aiki zamanin, lokacin da daya garambawul maye gurbin wani, amma a duk duniyoyin na rayuwar al'umma da aka ji karfi m.

A dalilin domin samar da

Halittar Koli kãshi Council aka tsara don gane hadaddun matsaloli na Petrine ya gyara, ya zauna warware matsalar. Aikinsa a fili ya nuna cewa shi ya gada daga Catherine msa da gwajin lokaci, da kuma cewa shi ne za a sake tsarafa. Jerin dukan Majalisar Koli bi layi na zabi Peter a manufofin da suka shafi masana'antu, ko da yake a general da janar Trend na ta aiki za a iya bayyana a matsayin mai sulhu daga bukatun mutane da bukatun sojoji, da kin amincewa da m soja kamfen da kuma gazawar da wani gyara daga cikin sojojin Rasha. Lokaci guda, da hukuma ke da alhakin a cikin ayyuka da bukatun da kasuwanci, wanda ake bukata nan da nan mafita.

Members na koli kãshi Council

A ranar da aka kafa da mafi shawarwari jihar ma'aikata suka fara a watan Fabrairu 1726. Its yan aka nada, da serene Martaba Prince Janar Field Marshal Menshikov, Golovkin goskantsler Janar Apraksin, Count Tolstoy, Baron Osterman kuma Prince Golitsyn. A watan baya, ta membobinsu da aka hada da Duke na Holstein - a-dokar Catherine, mafi Amintaccen mutum na Empress. Tun daga farko, da mambobi ne na m jiki sun musamman mabiya Bitrus, amma nan da nan Menshikov, wanda a karkashin Bitrus ta biyu da ke cikin gudun hijira, koro Tolstoy. Bayan wani lokaci, Apraksin mutu da Duke na Holstein kuma tsaya halartar tarurruka gaba ɗaya. Daga farko nada mambobi ne na koli kãshi Council a cikin sahu uku ne kawai mambobi - Osterman, Golitsyn da Golovkin. A abun da ke ciki na wannan shawarwari jiki ya canza da yawa mafi girma. A hankali da ikon zartar a cikin hannãyenku daga cikin m 'ya'yan sarakuna ba iyalan - Golitsyn da Dolgoruky.

aiki

Kãshi Majalisar a kan umarni na Empress yawaita da kuma majalisar dattijai, wanda da farko ya ragu kafin su yanke shawarar aika da shi daga farko dokoki na majalisar Krista na daidaita shi. Menshikov a sabuwar jiki kokarin ƙarfafa ikon wa kansu da kuma gwamnati. Ministocin kira shi a matsayin memba, tare da sanatocin dauki rantsuwar da Empress. Yana da aka tsananin haramta a gudanar da umarni ba sa hannu ta empress da ta yaro, wanda shi ne koli kãshi Council.

A cewar Catherine da farko Alkawali, shi ya ga wannan jiki a cikin 'yan tsirarun da Bitrus II aka bai wa ikon, daidai ne da ikon sarki. Duk da haka, kãshi Council da bãbu wani hakki a yi canje-canje kawai a cikin tsari na maye ga karaga.

Canza nau'i na gwamnati

Daga farko lokacin da kafa kungiyar, da yawa a kasashen waje sun yi faɗi a kan yiwuwar yunkurin canza nau'i na gwamnati a Rasha. Kuma sun kasance dama. Lokacin da ya rasu , Bitrus II na, kuma shi ya faru a daren Janairu 19, 1730, duk da nufin Catherine, ita da zũriyarta aka kange daga kursiyin. A pretext wani matashi da kuma frivolous Elizabeth, wani ƙaramin magaji na Bitrus, da kuma jariri na jikan - dan Anna Petrovna. The tambaya da zaben na Rasha monarch aka warware m murya daga Prince Golitsyn, wanda ya bayyana cewa daya kamata kula da mazan layi na Bitrus iyali, kuma haka samarwa da takarar Anny Ioannovny. 'Yar John A., mutum goma sha tara shekaru zaune a Kurland dace da kowa da kowa, saboda ba shi da favorites a Rasha. Ta jũna hõrarriya, kuma docile, bã yana mai karkata zuwa ga despotism. Bugu da kari, wannan shawarar ne saboda da maras ji na Golitsyn Petrine sake fasalin. Wannan tsallaka mutum nufi fito da dadewa kuma shiga cikin shirin, "da m" canza nau'i na gwamnati, wanda, ba shakka, shi ya fi sauƙi ga aikata a zamanin mulkin Anna marar ɗa.

"Yanayi"

Shan amfani da halin da ake ciki, "Koli kãshi Council", daga bisani kuma su rage yawan autocratic ikon, nema daga Anna shiga wani yanayi, da ake kira "iska kwandishana." A cewar su, da real ikon yi da shi, Madaukaki kãshi Council, da kuma rawar da sarki an rage wa kawai wakilin ayyuka. Irin wannan nau'i na gwamnati a Rasha ya sabon.

A karshen Janairu 1730 da sabon-samu Empress sa hannu gabatar da ita "yanayin." Daga yanzu a kan shi ba tare da yardar Majalisar Koli ba ƙulla yaki, gama zaman lafiya yarjejeniyarsu, gabatar da sabon haraji ko haraji-free. Ba a cikin ta iyawa da aka shafe cikin taskar a kan nasu aiki a cikin sahu sama da daraja na kanar, albashi kadarori, tsada rashi na rayuwa, ko dukiyarsa ba tare da wata fitina, kuma mafi muhimmanci - da nada wani magaji a kan karaga.

A gwagwarmayar da bita na "Yanayi"

Anna Ivanovna, tun kõra su zuwa ga Ancient, ya tafi zuwa ga Cathedral na ɗauka, inda manyan jami'an gwamnati da kuma sojojin rantse Empress. A sabon nau'i na rantsuwa da aka hana wasu daga cikin tsofaffin magana ma'ana autocracy, babu ambaci game da dama cewa nasa ne da Koli kãshi jiki. A halin yanzu, da kaifi gwagwarmaya tsakanin jam'iyyun biyu - "da m," da kuma magoya bayan na autocracy. A cikin sahu na karshen taka muhimmiyar rawa Yaguzhinskii P., A. Kantemir, Feofan Prokopovich A. Osterman. Suna da goyan bayan m sassan na nobility, wanda ya kasance a shirye da za a duba "Yanayi." Damunsu da aka musamman saboda da riba na kunkuntar da'irar membobin kãshi Council. Bugu da kari, da yanayin masu rinjaye na wakilan da tsada, a cikin waɗannan kwanaki da aka kira nobility, gan niyyar kafa a Rasha oligarchy da kuma son sanya biyu sunayen - Dolgoruky da Golitsyn - da hakkin ya zabo da monarch da kuma canja kamannin gwamnatin.

Soke "Yanayi"

A watan Fabrairu 1730 a babban rukuni na wakilan da tsada, ya, a cewar wasu kafofin, har zuwa mutane takwas, ya gidan sarki zuwa sallama a takarda don Anne Ioannovne. Daga cikinsu akwai da yawa daga cikin Guards sanda. A wata takarda da Empress bayyana da gaggawa bukatar tare da nobility sake duba cikin nau'i na gwamnati su sa shi m ga dukan Rasha mutane. Anna, da su yanayi da ɗan bambance bambancen, amma ta mazan da 'yar'uwa - Ekaterina Ioannovna - tilasta ta zuwa yanzu hannu da takarda. Yana manya tambayi dauki cikakken mulki, kuma halakar da abubuwa "Yanayi."

Anna a kan sabon yanayin da ya kulla da amincewar damuwa "da m": don haka babu wani abin da ya bar, kawai nods kawunansu. A cewar Sahaban, ba su da sauran zabi, domin a yar alamar adawa ko rashin, da masu gadi zai sun kai hari su. Anna gladly fili warware ba kawai "yanayin", amma kuma nasa harafi na yarda abubuwa.

Inglorious karshen Council

A farko a watan Maris 1730 a karkashin sharuddan da cikakken mulkin mutane sake rantsar da Empress. Kuma bayan kwanaki uku kawai daga cikin Shelar na Maris 4 na kauda tashe Koli kãshi Council.

A rabo daga tsohon mambobi sun ci gaba daban. Prince Golitsyn aka sallame, amma wasu lokaci daga baya ya mutu. Ɗan'uwansa, kazalika da uku daga cikin hudu Dolgorukov, aka kashe a zamanin Anne. Danniya kare kawai daya daga cikinsu - Vasily Vladimirovich, cewa a lokacin da Elizabeth aka wanke, komo daga zaman talala, haka ma, an nada shugaban na Soja Collegium.

Osterman a zamanin mulkin Empress Anny Ioannovny ya muhimmanci gwamnatin posts. Haka kuma, a cikin shekaru 1740-1741 ya taƙaice ya zama zahiri shine mai mulkin kasar, amma a sakamakon wani fada juyin mulki da aka ci da kõre a wani Birch.