Sanya hannu na Start-1 yarjejeniyar tsakanin USSR da United States: kwanan wata. Dabarun makamai da iyakancewa ba da shawarwari

Dabarun makamai da iyakancewa ba da shawarwari (gishiri) - jerin hadin yarjejeniyar tsakanin USSR da Amurka kan batun tsaron makaman nukiliya. Win da jawabai da yawa. A sakamakon da gishiri-1 da kuma gishiri-2 da aka sanya hannu. A farko - a shekara ta 1972, na biyu - a 1979.

Fage da kuma manufar "adequacy" a cikin Tarayyar Soviet

Idan muka magana game da bango da kuma dalilan da ya sa akwai na farko sanya hannu na gishiri-1 alkawari, akwai bukatar a ambaci game da manufar "adequacy" a makaman nukiliya. Wannan lokaci da aka shubuha gane a kasashen yamma, amma wannan harka ba zai tasiri da hali na Soviet gefe. A XXVI Congress na CPSU mu na aikin nukiliya ra'ayi da aka sanar. A gist na shi ne cewa Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka da sikẽli haƙiƙa ne adana zaman lafiya, da kuma dauke da makamai Yã isa zama yawan makaman nukiliya warheads, wanda aka rarraba a ko'ina tsakanin Strategic harsashi Forces, Navy da kuma Air Force. Babu magabaci cikin sharuddan lambobi na Amirkawa, ba mu bukatar. A gaskiya ma, cikin Soviet jagorancin sanar da cewa babu makamai tseren ba more. Ko Nikita Khrushchev da zarar ya ce Kennedy cewa kasar mu ba kome yadda mutane da yawa sau da Amurka za su iya hallaka shi - takwas ko tara. Ya isa a san cewa, Tarayyar Soviet iya halakar da United States akalla sau daya. A gaskiya, wannan shine jigon "manufar adequacy," ya kusantar da har a jam'iyyar majalisa a hukumance.

Amurka matsayi

United States bi shi daban: suka tafi da rashin so ka shiga cikin gishiri-1 alkwari. Dalilin ta'allaka a cikin gida da harkokin siyasa: jam'iyyun biyu gasa a zaben a Amurka. Daya ya kamata ko da yaushe a sukar wasu. A sittin na karshe karni, da Democratic Party da ke cikin hadin kai tare da Soviet gefe, da kuma bai yi haka ba to wani sabon wa'adi Republican Nixon ya fara zamanin mulkinsa tare da batun makamai iko. Ga sabon shugaban kasar, wannan ya kasance wata babbar wuyar warwarewa, tun da shi a ko'ina cikin yakin neman zabe, ya soki wani yiwu nukiliya parity na Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka. Ya ko da yaushe ya ce cewa bukatar a cimma total magabaci a cikin makamai kan kasar mu. Wannan kuma ya yi amfani daga mãsu hasãra Democrats, ajiye "alade" a karkashin kujera na sabon shugaban kasa.

Nixon kasance a cikin wani stalemate: a daya hannun, ya soki ra'ayin parity tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka, ya mai taimako nukiliya gwada yawa magabaci. A daya hannun, da ginawa-up na makamai tseren da ikirarin - tare da hukuma sanarwa na Tarayyar Soviet a kan iyakance adadin da makaman nukiliya - gurgunta image na Amurka a matsayin "karfi ga mai kyau", wanda aka fafitikar da "mugunta daular." Sai dai itace cewa jam'iyyun canza matsayin su a cikin idanu na Yammacin jari hujja duniya. A wannan batun, Nixon ya za su yarda da kuma yarda da sanya hannu na gishiri-1 alkwari.

Amurka manufar Nixon

Bayyana cewa Amurka da kuma Tarayyar Soviet shiga sabuwar kwangila, da kuma kafa da parity, ba shakka, da shugaban zai iya ba daga Jam'iyyar Republican. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa, aka zaba a matsayin "isar dabarun" da kuma a cikin United States. watau Masu jefa} uri'a yana da wani abu tsakanin ra'ayi da kuma manufar total magabaci na nukiliya parity. A gaskiya, wannan ra'ayi ba populist: Amurka zahiri da babban wadata da na makaman nukiliya fiye da Tarayyar Soviet.

Nuni replica mataimakin ministan tsaron kasar D. Packard: "isar kawai yana nufin cewa shi ne dace don amfani da kalmar a cikin maganganun. Bugu da kari, shi ba ya nufin wani abu. " Mafi m, shugaban kasar Nixon daukarsa "manufar isar" kamar yadda wani irin jayayya tsakanin za ~ en shirin da manufofin kafin ya Democrats.

Jagororin ga Development of US dabarun sojojin

Saboda haka, da Nixon gwamnati ta sanar a "isar ra'ayi." Hukumance, da wadannan ka'idoji da aka samarwa:

1. Rike da wani isasshen yawan dabarun da makamai zuwa ɗauki fansa, ko da bayan "kwatsam nukiliya kai hari."
2. Kawar da wani tutu "mamaki kai hari".
3. Rashi na zargin maƙiyi damar magance lalacewar Amurka fiye da da za su iya haifar da lalacewar da United States a yi sakayya.
4. Amurka software kariya daga makaman nukiliya hari.

Kamar yadda a kullum ya faru a American diflomasiyya, wannan aikin zai iya zama "shige" kamar yadda ya "da adequacy na manufar", da kuma rukunan "total magabaci" bayyanannu da tsare-tsaren da kuma takamaiman alkaluma ba bayar a cikinta. Mutane da yawa soja masana ya bayyana cewa, wani ɓangare na iya la'akari da wannan ra'ayi kamar yadda ta so, kuma zai zama daidai. Duk da haka, kai tsaye kin amincewa da jimlar magabaci ne riga wasu ci gaba a manufofin {asar Amirka, ba tare da wanda ba shi yiwuwa ya zama sanya hannu na gishiri-1 alkwari.

makami mai linzami tsaron matsala

A dukan jigon manufar Amurka da aka bayyana a cikin tattaunawa na makami mai linzami tsaron gida tsarin. Gaskiyar cewa Tarayyar Soviet sun tafi a gaba a kan makami mai linzami tsaron fasahar. Mun koya a shekaru 23 kafin Amirkawa harba saukar da makaman nukiliya da makamai masu linzami da ba makaman nukiliya da makamai masu linzami a kudi na sanadin motsi makamashi daga fashewa da TNT. A gaskiya, muna da wani tsaro garkuwa, wanda a yarda ba a busa up a cikin ƙasa na nukiliya warheads. Amirkawa iya harba saukar da makaman nukiliya da makamai masu linzami kawai sauran makaman nukiliya da makamai masu linzami da kasa iko. A cikin wani hali, don kauce wa wani nukiliya fashewa a Amurka bai yi nasara ba. Saboda haka, jama'ar {asar Amirka ta nace a kan kin amincewa da halittar wani makami mai linzami tsaron tsarin a cikin tattaunawa na gishiri-1 da kuma gishiri-2.

Amurka ƙi zuwa bayyana ci gaban makami mai linzami tsaron da cewa shi ya sa hankalta iyakance tseren makamai, idan ba su hanã tsaron gida tseren. Bisa ga Amirkawa, da ci gaba da cin gaban makami mai linzami tsaron ta Soviet gefen zai gurgunta da kwari m daidaituwa tsakanin biyu superpowers. A wannan batun Amurka da jũna a manta game da su magabaci a cikin makamai saukarwa da pre-zaben yi alkawarin Nixon.

A Soviet gefe ya tantama da irin wannan fuskanta, da gaskiya da jayayya da cewa tsaro ci gaba - shi ne mai halin kirki da kuma ci gaban da kai hare-hare - shi ne fasikai. Bayan haka, Amirkawa sun miƙa don magance matsalar da akan rage m da makamai, kuma da gaskiya da furtawa cewa Amurka da wata fa'ida a gare su.

A kirkirar na Amurka makami mai linzami tsaron gida - da barazana da mai zuwa yarjejeniyar

A 1967, gwamnatin Amurka da ikirarin tura ta makami mai linzami tsaron gida tsarin. Sun dangana wannan ga gaskiya cewa tsarin da aka yi zargi ba ga Tarayyar Soviet, da kuma aka nufin neutralizing da barazana da kasar Sin. Karshe, kuma duk da a wancan lokacin ne kawai a maras makaman nukiliya, wanda ba zai yiwu barazana ga Amurka. Abin mamaki, tarihi ya mayar da kanta tare da Amurka da makami mai linzami tsaron gida, a Gabashin Turai, wanda aka nufin ostensibly da Iran, duk da cewa shi ba ya barazana ba da Amurka ko kasashen Gabashin Turai. Soja masana lura sa'an nan, kamar yadda a yanzu ce cewa manufar Amirkawa ne kasar mu.

By 1972, da gwamnatin da kuma ma'aikatar tsaro ba gaskata kansa a gaban anti-militarist sojojin a yammacin duniya. Amurka nukiliya stockpile ya karu, makamai inganta, kuma babu abubuwan da ake bukata domin wannan aka ba lura. Our kasar da su duk da Amirkawa gudanar da wani m siyasa, bayan amincewarsa da wani yarjejeniya - jim kadan kafin tukuna hannu kan takardar yarjejeniyar rage makamai masu linzami tsaro tsarin raya kasa.

Nixon ya ziyarci kasar Tarayyar Soviet da kuma sanya hannu kwangilar

A May 1972, Nixon ta tarihi ziyara a Moscow. Na farko yarjejeniya a kan rage mata dabarun makamai da aka sanya hannu May 29, 1972. Yana da aka kira "Dalili na hadin gwiwa tsakanin USSR da kuma Amurka." Bangarorin biyu gane cewa zaman lafiya na biyu manyan kasashe ne kawai m-akai ga dangantaka. Har ila yau, kasashen biyu suna da hakkin su hana gida rikice-rikice, da taƙawa to nuna hakuri da kuma warware lumana.

A watan Mayu, kamar yadda wani alkawari da aka sa hannu - "Anti-Ballistic harsashi yarjejeniyar." A jam'iyyun sun zabi wasu wuraren da karkararta, wanda za a located makami mai linzami kare wurare. Tarayyar Soviet, Moscow ya kare daga makaman nukiliya kai hare-hare. USA - da dama abubuwa dauke da makaman nukiliya.

A hannu kan wannan yarjejeniya gishiri-1: da kwanan wata, babban arziki

Gishiri-1 - a sa na yarjejeniyar tsakanin Amurka da kuma Tarayyar Soviet daga 1969 zuwa 1972. Yana duk fara a birnin Helsinki. Kuma da yawa sun gaskata cewa zai kasance a cikin aikin. Amma duk da haka ya sa hannu kan Soviet-American yarjejeniya gishiri-1 Nixon a Moscow a shekarar 1972. Makaman nukiliya na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka tsananin rubuta tun sa'an nan. Girma a cikin yawan warheads da aka haramta. Har ila yau, ya gabatar da wani moratorium a kan gwaji na makaman nukiliya a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, amma wannan ba ya nufin cewa mu kasarsa a shirye ta yi watsi da aikin samar da makaman nukiliya ikon.

A wannan lokacin, Tarayyar Soviet tura 200 sabon makamai masu linzami. The United States ya a 1054 intercontinental ballistic makamai masu linzami, 656 makami mai linzami submarine. Soviet da makaman nukiliya da kuma Amurka tun lokacin da ya zauna canzawa. Duk da haka, da Amirkawa sun soma wani sabon nau'in makami mai linzami - MIRV (tare da mahara roka sassa). A peculiarity da cewa shi ne nominally daya makami mai linzami, amma shi rinjayar da dama dabarun ayyukan.

gishiri 2

Gishiri-1 da kuma gishiri-2 - shi ne mai hadade tsarin na yarjejeniyarsu. Na biyu shi ne mai ma'ana ci gaba da farko. Iyakar abin da bambanci shi ne, gishiri-2 - guda kwangila, hannu Yuni 18, 1979 a birnin Vienna a wani taro na Leonid Brezhnev kuma J. Carter.

shikan

Gishiri-2 takaita yawan dabarun isar da motocin 2,400 raka'a. Dukansu kuma sun amince da rage wannan girma. Kawai 1320 raka'a za a iya sanye take da wani warhead tare da wani ba abu halaka. Wannan lambar hada da duk wani nau'i na makaman nukiliya. Bugu da kari, da hane-hane shafi yawan warheads cewa za a iya tura a kan dabarun dako: jirãge, jiragen sama, da kuma submarines.

Gishiri-2 da aka haramta da kuma commissioning na sabon makami mai linzami silos, iyaka zamani. Kowace daga cikin jam'iyyun, misali, iya fadada babu fiye da daya sabon intercontinental ballistic harsashi, wanda za a iya sanye take da 10 warheads.

Gishiri-2 da aka taba ƙulla a Amurka kamar yadda Tarayyar Soviet aika sojoji zuwa Afghanistan. Duk da haka, wani na yarjejeniya complied tare da jam'iyyun biyu.

FARA-1 da kuma fara 2

A tarihin hana yarjejeniyar a kan gishiri-2 bai ƙare. Yuli 31, 1991 yarjejeniyar a kan rage rage mata Strategic laifi makamai na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka (FARA-1) aka sanya hannu a Moscow. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin na karshe kwangila da Tarayyar Soviet, Mikhail Gorbachev hannu. Its tsawon shekaru 15 da shekaru. Dalilin da kwangila - a rage armaments zuwa kashi 30 cikin dari na dukkan data kasance makaman nukiliya iko. The kawai togiya da aka sanya don teku cruise da makamai masu linzami da kewayon mafi girma daga 600 kilomita. Wannan ba abin mamaki: Amurka yana da wata babbar yawan irin makamai masu linzami, da kuma a kasar mu ba da su a duk.

Bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet da shi ya wajaba a sake sake shiga kwangila tare da Rasha ta tun fito ne a hadarin da cewa kasar mu ba zai cika sharuddan da Fara-1. A Janairu 1993, ya sanya hannu a sabon kwantiragi - farkon-2 Boris Yeltsin da kuma George Bush .. A shekara ta 2002, kasar mu ta janye daga yarjejeniyar a mayar da martani ga cewa Amurka ya janye daga ABM yarjejeniyar. A shekarar 2009, Dmitry Medvedev da kuma Barack Obama a Geneva shawarce wani sabon alkawari a kan dabarun m makamai, amma Republican Amurka Congress ya An katange kowane himma Democrat Barack Obama a kan wannan batun. The hukuma wording na Congress - "The Amurka ya ji tsõron" zamba "a kan wani ɓangare na Rasha a kan wasan kwaikwayon na kwangila."

FARA-3

A 2010, da Rasha da kuma Amurka shugabannin sanya hannu a sabuwar kwangila. Kowane gefe na shi iya samun wani fiye da 1550 raka'a nukiliya warheads. Yawan dabarun isar da motocin dole ba wuce 800 raka'a. Wannan yarjejeniya ƙulla da bangarorin biyu.