Business, Masana'antu
Sau "Acacia". Kai-propelled howitzer 2S3 "Acacia": fasaha bayani dalla-dalla da kuma hotuna
"Acacia" - 152 kai-propelled howitzer (GABTU index - da abu 303). Bunƙasa wata tawagar zanen kaya na Ural sufuri Machine-Building Shuka karkashin jagorancin JJu Petrova da GS Efimova. Sau 2S3 "Acacia" ne aka yi nufi ga halaka da kuma danniya da manyan bindigogi da kuma turmi batura, maƙiyi ta manpower, firepower, tankuna, roka launchers, dabara wajen makaman nukiliya, umurnin da kuma kula da cibiyoyin da sauransu.
canzawar ƙarnõni
Har tsakiyar sittin karni na karshe a cikin Soviet Army dakarun su ci gaba da zama a matsayin mai kai-propelled manyan bindigogi raka'a (Sau) na yakin duniya na biyu, kamar SU-100, ISU-152 da kuma ISU-122. Wadannan inji hada ingancin gun-howitzer gidaje tare da anti-tanki damar. Shi ne wannan versatility suke son soja tsohon makaranta tare da kwarewa da yaƙi a lokacin yakin duniya na II. Duk da haka, tare da canji na ƙarni na shugabanni da generals hankali kafa sababbin ra'ayoyi a kan yin amfani da dabara na kai-propelled manyan bindigogi a cikin zamani yaƙi.
A musamman, babban makiyin tankuna da sauran sulke da motocin shi ne ba talakawa dako da kuma sarrafawa antitank makami mai linzami (ATGMs). A wannan batun, soja masana sun zo yi imani da cewa a daya hannun, kai-propelled manyan bindigogi raka'a ba kware a cikin halakar da nauyi kayan aiki, da kuma a daya hannun, sabon ACS kamata ba za a "ado" a cikin m makamai, saboda ATGM iya ko karya, ta hanyar da sturdiest na su . Bugu da ƙari kuma, bisa ga sabon da bukatun, kai-propelled manyan bindigogi kamata da matsakaicin motsi, aviatransportabelnost kuma Ya ƙãra buoyancy. Domin hadu wadannan bukatu da inji, ya kamata watsi da nauyi makamai da kuma fi son bulletproof kariya. Game da jeri na bindigogi, sa'an nan fire ƙara da sassauci ta bukatar da za a sanya ba a bronerubke, kuma da yardar kaina juyawa turret, wanda zai gudanar da hadaddun madauwari harbe-harben. Bugu da kari daya daga cikin manyan bukatun da soja ya haifar da da yiwuwar amfani da makaman nukiliya sabunta ACS.
prehistory
A farkon aikin a kan ACS "Acacia" da aka riga da wata babbar search engine bincike aikin, a cikin abin da wani kamanta bincike na manyan bindigogi da tsarin da aka samar da aka halicce su a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu (kamar SU-100, SU-152 da kuma wasu), kazalika da post-yaki lokaci - a matsayin m gunsmiths da kuma kasashen waje. Saboda haka, a tsari na gudanar da bincike da kuma} ungiyoyin kamfanonin Tarayyar Soviet tsaro hadaddun da aka samarwa a yawan daban-daban bambancin da shasi, wanda za a ayi 152 mm igwa. A cewar daya daga wadannan kai-propelled howitzer aka yi aiki a kan tushen da wani tanki shasi abubuwa "118", "123" da "124" Sverdlovsk Engineering Shuka injiniyoyi. A wannan aikin da aka bayar a wuri na turret igwa towed gun D-20.
A wani ɗan bambanci samarwa ACS "Acacia" halitta a kan tushen da majalisai da kuma sunadaren matsakaici tank T-64 ( "ƙi 432"). Injiniyoyin samarwa sanya 152 mm igwa a cikin sulke turret rotatable tare da coaxial na'ura gun. Wannan bayani ya Popular, tun T-64 shi ne na farko post-yaki tank na biyu ƙarni. Yana da ya aiwatar da yawa sabon m mafita, shi siffofi na asali shasi da kuma atomatik Loader. Duk da yake wannan na'ura ta kasance Popular ga elaborations na alamar ayyukan gashi motocin. Duk da haka, da bincike da kwarewa na kai-propelled manyan bindigogi, kazalika da elaborations shigarwa image aka fĩfĩta dogon lokacin da ci gaban da manufar kai-propelled bindigogi. Kuma domin kara aiki a kan halittar ACS "Acacia" an shawarar da shasi na Sverdlovsk Engineering Shuka.
Tarihi na halitta
Bisa dukkan sama fasaha matsaloli, wani hadin gwiwa ƙuduri na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma CPSU №609-201 daga 07.04.1967, da Sverdlovsk Machine Engineering "Uraltransmash" bayar da sharuddan da tunani ga halittar ACS 2S3 "Acacia". Tare da 152mm hadaddun shuka zanen kaya sun ɓullo da wani yawan wasu kai-propelled manyan bindigogi tsarin: 122mm howitzer "furen karnesha" da "Violet", da kuma 240 mm turmi "Tulip". Fundamentally sabon model na kai-propelled bindigogi da aka yi nufin kawar da backlog da Tarayyar Soviet NATO kasashen a cikin wannan al'amari. "Acacia" da aka tsara don tara makamai na regiments na mechanized dakaru da sulke rarrabuwa. Wannan kai-propelled howitzer ƙaddara ga halaka tattarã da kuma bude makiya manpower, soja kayan aiki da makamai, da kuma sauran abubuwa zuwa zurfin division ban sha'awa. Gun tsarin dogara ne a kan shasi na gwaji kai-propelled raka'a "ƙi 105" da kuma "ƙi 120", kazalika da Sam "Circle".
Biyu na farko prototypes da aka halitta da karshen shekarar 1968, duk da haka, tsanani shortcomings, musamman, shi ne mai karfi tururi a cikin hasumiyar conning aka gano a lokacin gwaji. Saboda wannan rashin hudu mafi samfurori da aka ƙi da bazara na shekara ta gaba. Bayan inganta samun iska tsarin, wannan matsalar da aka warware a sakamakon farko jerin kai-propelled bindigogi, "Acacia" (photo, a wannan labarin, ya nuna wadannan inji) aka saki a 1970. Kuma a shekarar 1971, an sa a cikin sabis. Wannan tsari da aka samar canzawa har 1975, bayan da dakarunta suka shiga cikin kyautata version na ACS "Acacia" a karkashin alama ce 2S3M. A sabunta mota ya sabunta boeukladku ganga goma sha biyu zargin, ta haka ne inganta cikin kudi na karuwa daga cikin hadaddun da transportable ammonium. Bayan shekaru biyu, kai-propelled gun underwent wani zamani (2S3M1). Yanzu 152 mm aka sanye take da wani kai-propelled howitzer shigar da na'ura, samun, aiki, da kuma tunani na umurnin data da wani sabon wurin SP-538. Bugu da kari, su aka gabatar a cikin harsasai gyara projectiles 3OF38 "santimita" da kuma shiryar da makamai masu linzami da 3OF39 "Krasnopol". Last 2S3M2 sabunta hanyoyin version sãɓã wa jũna daga waɗanda suke a gabãninsu more iko manyan bindigogi tsarin. Har ila yau, wannan version na shigarwa aka sanye take da priemoindikatornoy kayan aiki "Machine sadarwarka M" (1V514-1), ba ka damar yin musayar bayanai tsakanin inji m baturi jami'in da kuma kayan aiki, sa'an nan rage lokaci ne na shiri na hadaddun bude wuta. A general, kai-propelled howitzer "Acacia" da aka samar har 1993.
Description na na'ura
Manyan bindigogi naúrar sanya bisa ga gargajiya makirci hasumiya deckhouse. A hadaddun ya gashi welded jiki cewa ne zuwa kashi uku compartments: iko, soja da iko (motor-baza). A farko reshe ne dake tsakanin motor da garun zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa a hanci na jiki. Akwai aiki wuri na direba. Ikon sashen aka located dama a gaban. Akwai yana watsa, engine da propulsion tsarin. A tsananin da ƙwanso da aka fada a sashe. A kasa na wani jiki yana sanya wani juyawa dandali da cewa an saka a kan ball-bi, shi ya dogara akan biyar skates. Wurin aiki sojan igwa da aka sanya a kan hagu na gun, da kuma caji - to dama. Kujera kwamandan ne bayan da sojan igwa.
Aiwatar da kai-propelled shasi bambanta daga da magabata amfani melkozvenchatye caterpillars tare da roba Dutsen da kuma gaban-kai nadi.
"Acacia", 152 kai-propelled howitzer: manyan bindigogi yanki
Igwa (2A33) da aka ɓullo da a DB-9 ga wannan kai-propelled. Ga wani Dalili na towed gun-howitzer D-20 da aka dauka. Wajen wani samfur da aka sanya a Perm Engineering Shuka №172, da kuma taro samar - a software "barricades". Manyan bindigogi gun da a tsaye sandan ƙofar kuma sau uku ejector muzzle birki dauka a rufaffiyar Rotary sulke turret saka a kan wani mai siffar zobe hali karfafa. Don sauƙaƙe loading hanya howitzer sanye take da wani electromechanical na'urar ramming bawo da liners na asali zane, kazalika da tire-catcher bagged hannayen riga. A kan rufin hasumiyar conning ACS (photo aka ambata a sama) da aka bar kwamandan ta cupola inda saka na'ura gun tare da m iko, to gefen dama na jirgin ruwa da aka caji ƙyanƙyashe. The wuta za a iya gudanar daga wani wuri, duka a al'ada yanayi da kuma a kan kamuwa da yankin. Boeukladki kai-propelled manyan bindigogi (maras kyautata model) sanya a cikin biyu motorized belts. A lokacin da harbe-harben, sun kuma za a iya ciyar da ta musamman ƙyanƙyashe a cikin jiki daga ƙasa.
Propulsion tsarin da karin kayan aiki
A kan kai-propelled howitzer "Acacia" developers kafa goma sha biyu-V-dimbin yawa hudu-bugun jini turbocharged ruwa sanyaya engine (B-59). Tare da shi yi amfani da biyu-kwarara inji watsa tare da planetary jujjũyãwar sunadaran. Manyan bindigogi naúrar yana da mutum torsion mashaya dakatar da na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa telescopic buga absorbers. A ACS designers mun kafa musamman dozer ruwa, domin kyale minti ashirin ta tono a tare mahara a cikin ƙasa to boye. Domin manufar dumama ƙungiya shigar kai-propelled dumama tsarin (RH-65G) wanda fitarwa ne 6500kKal / hour. Wannan kai-propelled manyan bindigogi tsarin yana da wani gama tsaro tsarin na samar da PPO Paz, makaman kare dangi. 2S3 sanye take da wani atomatik wuta tsarin, mai tacewa naúrar, wani tsarin na sealing compartments cewa zai kare ƙungiya daga kufan bacteriological, makaman nukiliya da kuma makamai masu guba. A tightness na kai-propelled howitzer ne kiyaye a cikin aiwatar da harbe-harben, da kuma a lokacin motsi.
harsasai
Domin harbi daga kai-propelled howitzer "Acacia" amfani da bawo daga igwa D-20 da kuma ML-20, kazalika da howitzer D-1. Domin wadannan tsarin, a dukan line na 152-mm harsasai da aka ɓullo da a cikin su. Ga misali: high-m harsashi 3VOF33 cikakken m da kuma rage cajin, tare da 3VOF33 kewayon cajin, 3VOF96 harbe 3VOF97, 3VOF98 da 3V013 da 3V014 daga fragmentation dako cikakken cassette da kuma rage cajin. Rage zargin da damar aika projectiles a kananan nesa da wani steeper hanya. Wannan ya sa ya yiwu don buga hari da aka boye a bayan daban-daban da cikas, kamar gidaje, tsaunuka da sauransu.
Don halakar da mãsu nauyi sulke da motocin amfani tarawa PD-540 ammonium. Wadannan bawo tare da wani na farko gudu daga 676 m / s suna yin saiti kewayon har zuwa biyar kilomita. Al'ada da suka shiga tank makamai zuwa 250 mm a wani kwana na 60 digiri zuwa 220 mm da wani kwana na 30 digiri - 120 mm. Bugu da kari a wadannan kai-propelled ammonium a ammonium naúrar kunshi musamman harsasai, hidima ga disorganize makiya kula da tsarin a dabara matakin da jamming da matsananci-short igiyoyin rediyo. Alal misali, 3VRB37 da 3VBR36 cike da kuma rage cajin.
Sau "Acacia": Features
Cancantar fama nauyin 27.5 ton (mun gwada low nauyi "Acacia" damar ta sufuri da jigilar), tare da tsawon directed gaba kayan aiki - 7765 mm Height - 3050 mm, nisa - 3250 mm. Clearance ACS - 450 mm, da talakawan naúrar ƙasa matsa lamba - 0.6 kg / cm 2. Engine ikon ne 520 HP, gudun - 2000 Rev / min. Nada bayani dalla-dalla: mutum dakatar, crawler irin propulsion naúrar, 1st da 6th rollers suna sanye take da na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa telescopic buga absorbers, roba-caterpillars nisa - 485 mm, da yawan takalma - 115. Fuel iya aiki ne 850 lita. Iyakar gudun - 63 km / h. Cruising kewayon - 500 km. The inji shi ne iya shawo kan matsalolin: Ci Gaban - 30 digiri, yi - 25 digiri, moat - 3 mita, da garun - 0.7 mita, Wade - 1 mita. A frontal jiki da kuma turret makamai ne 30 mm. Kai-propelled howitzer ƙungiya kunshi mutane hudu.
Makamai: Bayani dalla-dalla
Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, developers howitzer 2A33 ne DB-9 da kuma KB2 Perm na'ura-gini shuka, kuma shi aka yi a kan software "barricades". A "Uraltransmash" karshe taro na ACS. Details na wannan kayan aiki su ne kamar haka: ya zamo - 152,4 mm, da ganga recoil tsawon - 510-750 mm nuna kusassari - a tsaye -4 zuwa +60 digiri, a kwance - 360 digiri, da nauyin da talking rabo - 2450 kg, rate - 1, 9-3,5 akai-akai da minti. A aron kusa sashi ba shi da wani Semi-tsaye sandan bin irin. Birki rollback - na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa dogara sanda. Pneumatic - recuperator irin. Loading - daban-hali. Harbe-harben range: bawo rubuta 3OF25 zuwa 17,3 km zuwa 20,5 km 3OF22, "Krasnopol" - har zuwa 20 km.
Kamar yadda ƙarin makamai amfani da na'ura gun irin PKT 7,62 mm, wanda shi ne 250 harsasai harsashi.
soja kamfanin
Kai-propelled howitzers 2S3 "Acacia" da ake amfani da nasara a da yawa soja rikice-rikice da ya faru a sassa daban daban na duniya a cikin past hudu da suka gabata. A gaban wadannan raka'a a sabis da Soviet Army Yammacin m gano kawai a shekarar 1973, don haka shi ya karbi lambar sunan "Model 1973". Hukumance, gwamnatin da Tarayyar Soviet "haske up" ACS "Acacia" kawai a 1977 "Karpaty" bada. A wannan shekara, wadannan inji karo na farko da suka sashi a cikin farati a kan Red Square. A 1979, kusan wani mutum ɗari kai-propelled howitzers 2S3 aka tsĩrar da gabashin Jamus, da gaba kasa don samun wadannan fama motocin, ya Iraki. A lokacin Iraqi kamfanin "Acacia" halarci dukkan ayyukan soji, duk da haka, sun m da rashin soja, a ra'ayi, a harbe-harben kewayo.
Daga farkon ayyukan soji a Afghanistan, wadannan bindigogi sun shiga a cikin artpodrazdelenih iyaka contingent na Soviet sojojin. Soja masana lura da high AMINCI na tsarin, duk da haka, shi ne kuma ba tare da drawbacks. Babban hasara na ACS gane da rashin harbi iyaka da kuma kudi na wuta. An ban sha'awa Gaskiyar ita ce, a Afghanistan, da yaki da inji aka yi amfani da farko don kaitsaye wuta, wadda take da babban demoralizing sakamako a kan Mujahideen. A wannan dabara yanzu amfani da Syria soja da kuma kishin Islama yan bindiga.
Sau "Acacia" kuma halarci dukkan makamai rikice-rikice a cikin tsohon Tarayyar Soviet. Alal misali, ga kamfanoni a cikin Arewa Caucasus, kuma ma a lokacin da ake kira "yakin 888".
Yau, wadannan fama bindigogi amfani a cikin rikici a Ukraine, daga duka yau da kullum da sojoji da kuma mayakan sa kai.
ƙarshe
A halin yanzu a cikin sabis tare da sojojinmu ba ne kamar yadda zamani kai-propelled manyan bindigogi, da kuma samar da Soviet zamanin. Howitzer "Acacia", duk da ya ci-gaba shekaru, ya ci gaba a kai a kai kawo da jijjiga ba kawai a cikin Rasha sojojin, amma kuma kasashen waje. Wadannan bindigogi da aka kawota zuwa Turai: kasashen da Warsaw yarjejeniya. to Afirka: Aljeriya, Iraq, Libya, Syria. Bugu da kari, bayan da Tarayyar Soviet ta ruguje, wadannan inji suke a dukan tsohon Tarayyar jamhuriyoyin. Bukatar irin wannan makamai ci gaba unabated kuma a yau na'am da umarni duka biyu bindigogi tun rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Rasha a wani sabon ACS. Lalle ne, a cikin zamani yaƙi, irin gidaje suna a hade tare da daidaici-shiryar da tarin harsasai iya taka muhimmiyar rawa. A mataki na "Acacia" ya nuna mafi kyau gefe, soja masana sun ce cikin sauki da kuma AMINCI wannan manyan bindigogi tsarin. Kuma bayan ta sa hannu ta zama Popular a Afghanistan kamfanin. Zai yiwu shi ya sa shi ya zauna a cikin sabis ba kawai a cikin kasar amma kuma a sauran kasashe a duniya.
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