Roka launchers - daga "Katyusha" to "guguwa"

A forerunners na zamani roka launchers za a iya daukan makamai daga kasar Sin. Bawo iya rufe a nesa na 1.6 km, bar a cikin burin da babbar dama kibiyoyi. A cikin West, irin wannan na'urorin ya yi ya bayyana ne kawai bayan shekaru 400.

Tarihi na roka bawo

A farko da makamai masu linzami sun kawai saboda bayyanar gunpowder, wanda aka ƙirƙira a kasar Sin. Alchemists bude wannan abu da hatsari, lokacin da samar da wani elixir ga rai madawwami. A XI karni gunpowder bama-bamai da aka fara amfani da shi, wanda aka aiko zuwa ga manufa na catapults. Ya na farko makami ginshikai na wanda yayi kama da roka launchers.

Roka fara a kasar Sin a 1400 su ne mafi kama da zamani kida. Cikin kewayon musu gudu ya fiye 1.5 km. Sun kasance sũ ne biyu da makamai masu linzami, sanye take da injuna. Kafin faduwar su dauki kashe wata babbar adadin kibiyoyi. Bayan da kasar Sin da wannan makami ta bayyana a India, sa'an nan samu koma Ingila.

Janar Congreve a 1799 a kan tushen da su bunkasa sabon nau'in gunpowder bawo. Suna nan da nan dauka zuwa sabis a Birtaniya sojojin. Sa'an nan akwai babbar gun, wanda ya fitar da makamai masu linzami a nesa na 1.6 km.

Ko a baya, a 1516, da ungiyoyin Zaporozhye Cossacks kusa Belgorod a cikin halakar da Tatar hordes na Crimean Khan Giray Melik amfani ko da mafi m roka launchers. Godiya ga sabuwar makamai sun kasance iya kayar da Tatar sojojin, wanda ya fi yawa Cossack. Abin baƙin ciki, asirin ta ci gaba da Cossacks dauki tare da su, mutuwa a cikin m fadace-fadace.

Nasarori A. Zasyadko

Wata babbar nasara a cikin halittar launchers aka sanya Aleksandrom Dmitrievichem Zasyadko. Shi ya ƙirƙira da kuma nasarar aiwatar da farko RCD - mahara roka launchers. Yana iya da za a sake kusan lokaci guda a kalla 6 da makamai masu linzami na daya irin wannan tsarin. Shigarwa da low nauyi, sa shi yiwuwa a canja wurin su zuwa wani m wuri. Zasyadko ci gaban da aka nuna babban yabo ta Grand Duke Constantine, wa sarki. A cikin rahoton zuwa Alexander I, ya nemi aiki na Kanar Zasyadko daraja da manyan janar.

Development of roka launchers a cikin XIX-XX ƙarni.

A cikin XIX karni gina roka a kan nitroporohe (smokeless foda) ya fara tafiyar da NI Tikhomirov VA Artemyev. A farko jefa irin wannan makami mai linzami kora a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a 1928. Bawo iya shawo kan nesa na 5-6 km.

Godiya ga taimako daga Professor KE Tsiolkovsky Rasha masana kimiyya daga RNII II Gvaya, VN Galkovskii, AP Pavlenko AS Popov ya bayyana Multi-bit roka shirin mai gabatarwa RS-M13 a cikin shekaru 1938-1941 da kuma shigarwa na BM-13. A lokaci guda, Rasha masana kimiyya haifar da makamai masu linzami. Wadannan makamai masu linzami - "eresy" - zai zama babban ɓangare na dogon-rusasshiyar "Katyusha". Sama halittarsa zai yi aiki a 'yan shekaru.

Kafa cikin "Katyusha"

Kamar yadda ya juya waje, kwanaki biyar kafin Jamus hari a kan Tarayyar Soviet kungiyar LE Schwartz nuna a cikin Moscow yankin wani sabon kayan aiki da ake kira "Katyusha". Roka shirin mai gabatarwa BM-13 da aka kira a lokacin. Gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar 17 ga watan Yuni, 1941 a kan landfill Sofrinsky shafe Chief of Staff GK Zhukov, jama'ar kasar Commissar tsaron, harsasai da makamai, da kuma sauran wakilan da Red Army. 1 Yuli wannan soja kayan aiki ya bar daga Moscow zuwa gaban. Kuma a cikin makonni biyu, "Katyusha" ziyarci farko baftismar wuta. Hitler, wanda ya sha kashi a buga su koyi game da tasiri na roka gabatarwa.

Jamus suka ji tsoro daga bindigogi da kuma aka ƙoƙarin kama shi ko kashe. Ƙoƙarin sake da zanen kaya a Jamus guda makami ba nasara. Bawo ba samun gudun, muna da wani m jirgin hanya kuma bai buga manufa. Gunpowder Soviet samar ya nuna a sarari daga wani daban-daban quality, domin cin gaban su ciyar shekarun da suka gabata. Jamus takwarorinsu iya ba maye gurbin shi, wadda take kaiwa zuwa m ammonium.

Halittar wannan makami ne mai iko ya bude wani sabon shafi na a cikin tarihin ci gaban da manyan bindigogi da makamai. Karaya "Katyusha" ya fara sa lakabi na girmamawa da "lashe makami."

ci gaban siffofin

Roka launchers BM-13 kunshi wani shida-dabaran da hudu-dabaran drive truck musamman zane. Bayan da Matuka jirgin da aka gyarawa tsarin domin makami mai linzami jefa a kan dandamali, kamar yadda ya fita can. Musamman daga hydraulically dauke gaba, na daga cikin na'ura a wani kwana na 45 digiri. Da farko motsi zuwa dama ko hagu dandali ba a bayar. Saboda haka, domin niyya da ake bukata don cikar tura dukan truck. 16 roka kora daga shuka, yawo a free hanya zuwa wurin da gano abokan gaba. The ƙungiya sa sabawa ko da lokacin da harbe-harben. Ya zuwa yanzu, mafi m gyara daga cikin makamai da amfani da sojojin a wasu kasashe.

A wurin da BM-13 a cikin 1950s zo amsawa volley-wuta tsarin (MLRS) BM-14.

Roka launchers "Grad"

Wadannan gyare-gyaren da tsarin shi ne "Grad". Makami mai linzami tsarin da aka halitta da wannan manufa da suka gabata, kama samfurori. Kawai wuya da aiki ga developers. The harbe-harben zangon ya zama a kalla 20 km.

Development of sabon makamai masu linzami da tsunduma a SRI 147, wanda har sai bai halitta wannan makami. A shekarar 1958, a karkashin shugabanci na A. Ganicheva tare da goyon bayan da jihar kwamitin tsaron Technology aiki a kan ci gaban da makami mai linzami da aka kaddamar da wani sabon shigarwa gyare-gyare. Don ƙirƙirar aiyuka masana'antu manyan bindigogi bawo fasaha. Housings halitta ta amfani da hanyar na zafi-zane. Karfafawa na dako ya auku saboda da wutsiya, kuma juyawa.

Bayan da yawa gwaje-gwajen a roka "Grad" da aka fara amfani da gashinsa na hudu mai lankwasa ruwan wukake, wanda aka saukar a farkon. Saboda haka, AN Ganichev iya tabbatar da cewa makami mai linzami na daga cikin manyan tubular jagora, kuma ta jirgin karfafawa tsarin ya manufa domin harbi range a 20km. Babban karfe masu RI-147, RI-6, 47-GSKB, SKB-203.

Da gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar a shafin "Rzhevka" kusa Birnin Leningrad, Maris 1, 1962, kuma a shekara daga baya, Maris 28, 1963, soma kasar soma da "Grad". Roka shirin mai gabatarwa da aka sa a cikin samarwa Janairu 29, 1964

A abun da ke ciki na "Castle"

SZO MB 21 ya hada da wadannan abubuwa:

- makami mai linzami gabatarwa, wadda aka saka a kan abinci shasi "Ural-375" da mota.

- The wuta kula da tsarin da kai da kuma loading abin hawa 9T254 a kan tushen da "ZIL-131".

- uku-mita 40 a cikin nau'i na jagora shambura saka a kan tushe, wanda rotates a kwance jirgin sama da kuma vertically jawo.

Saiti ne da za'ayi da hannu ko ta wata wutar lantarki. Cajin shigarwa da hannu. Motar iya matsar da caji. Shooting ne volley ko guda Shots. Idan wani Salvo aka shafi m karfi a wani yanki na 1046 murabba'in mita a 40 akai-akai. m.

Bawo for "Castle"

Don wuta, za ka iya amfani da daban-daban na makamai masu linzami. Suka sãɓã wa jũna a cikin harbe-harben iyaka, da dangi da manufa. Suna amfani da tafiyar manpower, sulke motocin, turmi batura, da jirgin sama da kuma jirage masu saukar ungulu a kan ƙasa, hakar ma'adinai, shigarwa na hayaki fuska, rediyo tsangwama, dalma da sinadaran abubuwa.

Gyare-gyare da tsarin "Grad" wata babbar adadin. Dukan su ne a sabis a duniya.

Dogon zangon MLRS "Uragan"

Lokaci guda tare da ci gaban da "Castle" The Tarayyar Soviet da aka tsunduma a cikin halittar dogon zangon-jet mahara jefa roka tsarin (MLRS). Kafin zuwan "Hurricane" gogaggen roka launchers P-103, P-110 "Teal", "Korshun". Dukkan su sun kimanta gaskiya ma, amma shi ba iko isa, kuma ya ta da drawbacks.

A marigayi 1968 sai ya fara nazarin dogon zangon-220-mm NWB. Asalinsu shi aka kira "Castle-3». A cikakken kewayon sabon tsarin da aka dauka a cikin ci gaban da mafita bayan da ma'aikatar tsaron Industry da Tarayyar Soviet a kan Maris 31, 1969. A Perm gun factory lambar 172 a watan Fabrairu 1972 samar MLRS "Uragan" samfur. Roka shirin mai gabatarwa da aka soma ta 18 Maris 1975. Bayan shekaru 15 a cikin Tarayyar Soviet aka located 10 roka manyan bindigogi regiments MLRS "Uragan" kuma daya amsawa artbrigady.

A 2001, a matsayin "Hurricane" tsarin sun kasance a cikin sabis a cikin kasashen na tsohon Tarayyar Soviet:

- Rasha - 800;

- Kazakhstan - 50;

- Moldova - 15;

- Tajikistan - 12;

- Turkmenistan - 54;

- Uzbekistan - 48;

- Ukraine - 139.

Bawo da "mahaukaciyar guguwa" ne sosai kama da harsasai da "Grad". M aka gyara wani bangare ne na roka propellant zargin da 9M27 9H164. Don rage mataki zangon su ma sa birki zobe. Su tsawon shi ne 4832-5178 mm, da kuma nauyi - 271-280 kg. Mazurari a ƙasa matsakaici yawa yana da wani diamita na 8 mita da kuma zurfin 3 mita. Harbe-harben kewayon 10-35 km. Da wani ɓaɓɓake daga watse bawo a nesa na 10 m iya Punch 6 mm karfe shãmaki.

Ga abin da dalilai ne "Hurricane" tsarin? Roka shirin mai gabatarwa an tsara tafiyar manpower, sulke motocin, artpodrazeleny, dabara makamai masu linzami, iska tsaro tsarin, jirage masu saukar ungulu a filin ajiye motoci da kuri'a, sadarwa cibiyoyin da kuma soja-masana'antu hari.

Madaidaici MLRS "Smerch"

The musamman da suka bambanta da tsarin ne mai hade da Manuniya kamar ikon, fuska da kuma daidaito. Duniya na farko MLRS da sarrafawa juyawa projectiles - wani roka shirin mai gabatarwa "Smerch", wanda har yanzu yana da wani analogues a duniya. Its makamai masu linzami da za su iya kai karkata daga raga, wanda shi ne 70 km daga gun. New MRL sun soma a cikin Tarayyar Soviet 19 Nuwamba 1987.

A 2001, "Hurricane," da tsarin ne a irin kasashen (tsohon Tarayyar Soviet):

- Rasha - 300 motocin.

- Belarus - 48 motoci.

- Ukraine - 94 inji.

A dako yana da tsawon 7600 mm. Its nauyi ne 800 kg. Duk jinsuna da wata babbar ansu kafofin tarwatsa kuma tareda žata effects. Asarar batir "Hurricane" da "Cyclone" daidai suke da da ayyuka na dabara da makaman nukiliya. Duk da haka, ga yin amfani da ba a duniya Game kamar haka m. Suna daidaita da makamai kamar bindigogi ko tankuna.

Abin dogara da kuma iko "Topol"

A shekarar 1975, a Moscow Cibiyar thermal Technology fara bunkasa mobile tsarin iya ƙaddamar roka daga wurare daban-daban. Saboda haka hadaddun ya da makami mai linzami tsarin "Topol". Shi ne mai mayar da martani ga zargin da Tarayyar Soviet, gudanar da Amurka intercontinental ballistic makamai masu linzami (da suka yi soma a cikin Amurka a 1959).

A farko gwaje-gwaje da ya faru Disamba 23, 1983. A lokacin dauke da fitar da jerin makami mai linzami gabatar da nuna kanta a matsayin mai dogara da kuma makami ne mai iko.

360 "Topol" gidaje da aka located in 1999, wani goma-matsayin yankunan.

A kowace shekara a Rasha kaddamar da wani guda "Topol" makamai masu linzami. Tun da halittar hadaddun da aka za'ayi a kusa da 50 gwaje-gwaje. Su duka suka tafi ba tare da wani matsaloli. Wannan ya nuna da mafi aminci.

rundunar roka shirin mai gabatarwa "Tochka-U" da aka ɓullo da a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ya hallaka kananan hari. Aiki a kan halittar wannan gun fara Maris 4, 1968 by umurnin kwamitin ministoci. Dan kwangila ya Kolomenskoye KB. Cif Designer - SP Iya karawa. Domin makami mai linzami kula da tsarin alhakin CRI AG. Shirin mai gabatarwa samar Volgograd.

Mene ne sam

Saita na daban-daban soja da kuma fasaha wajen, wanda ake da alaka da juna don magance wajen abokan gaba kai hare-hare daga iska da kuma sarari, da ake kira da anti-jirgin sama da makami mai linzami tsarin (ADMS).

Suna classified bisa ga wuri na soja mataki, motsi, bisa ga Hanyar motsi da kuma yin saiti, a kan aiki kewayo. Wadannan sun hada da makami mai linzami tsarin "Buk" da "Allura", "mai shada" da sauransu. Mene ne bambanci tsakanin zane na da irin wannan? Anti-jirgin sama da makami mai linzami shirin mai gabatarwa hada da wajen domin bincike da kuma sufuri, atomatik tracking m manufa, shirin mai gabatarwa surface-to-air makami mai linzami, mai roka iko naúra da kuma nuna goyon baya, a sama da kayan aiki da iko wajen.