Yadda za a rubuta isomers da homologues? Ta yaya ya zama isomers na alkanes?

Kafin la'akari da yadda za a samar da isomers na cikakken hydrocarbons ya bayyana siffofin da wannan aji na Organic abubuwa.

cikakken hydrocarbons

da yawa azuzuwan CxHy tsaye a cikin kwayoyin sunadarai. Kowane mutum na da janar dabara, homologue jerin, ingantaccen halayen, aikace-aikace. Ga cikakken alkane hydrocarbon aji hankula guda (sigma) bond. A general dabara na wannan aji na Organic abubuwa CnH2n + 2. Wannan ya bayyana ainihin sinadaran Properties: muhallinsa, da kona, hadawan abu da iskar shaka. Domin paraffins ba hankula shiga, tun sadarwa a cikin kwayoyin na wadannan hydrocarbons guda.

isomerism

The sabon abu na isomerism bayyana iri-iri na Organic abubuwa. Karkashin isomerism ne fiye gane sabon abu a cikin abin da akwai da dama hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi da ciwon guda yawan mambobi (yawan kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin), amma a daban-daban tsari na su a cikin kwayoyin. A sakamakon abu ne ake kira isomers. Suna iya zama wakilan da dama azuzuwan na hydrocarbons, sabili da haka daban-daban sinadaran Properties. Miscellaneous fili kwayoyin alkanes atoms bada Yunƙurin zuwa wani tsarin isomerism. Ta yaya ya zama isomers na alkanes? Akwai takamaiman algorithm, bisa ga abin da za a iya wakilta tsarin isomers wannan aji na Organic abubuwa. Akwai irin wannan yiwuwar tare da kawai hudu carbon atoms, watau, wani kwayoyin na butane C4H10.

isomeric jinsunan

Domin fahimtar yadda za a rubuta dabarbari na isomers, yana da muhimmanci a yi wani fahimtar siffofin. A gaban wannan kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin a daidai lambobin, wanda aka located a cikin sarari a wani daban-daban domin, yana nufin da na sarari isomerism. In ba haka ba, shi ne ake kira stereoisomerism. A wannan halin da ake ciki, da yin amfani da daya kadai tsarin dabara bai isa ba, bukatar amfani da musamman tsinkaya ko na sarari dabarbari. Cikakken hydrocarbons fara daga H3C-CH3 (ethane), da daban-daban na sarari jeri. Wannan shi ne saboda juyawa a cikin kwayoyin da C-C bond. Shi ne mai sauki σ-bond Halicci conformational (Rotary) isomers ne yiwu.

Tsarin isomers paraffins

Bari mu magana game da yadda za a yi alkane isomers. A ajin yana da wani tsarin isomer, Ina nufin, Forms daban-daban carbon zarra sarkar. In ba haka ba, da yiwuwar canza matsayi a cikin jerin carbon atoms na carbon kwarangwal kira isomerism.

isomers na heptane

Saboda haka, barin isomers na abu da ciwon da abun da ke ciki C7H16? Domin starters, za ka iya shirya duk da carbon atoms a daya dogon kirtani, ƙara zuwa kowane wani yawan sunadaran C. Nawa? Shan la'akari da cewa valence na carbon ne daidai da hudu, a cikin matsananci atoms zuwa uku hydrogen kwayoyin zarra da a ciki - biyu. A sakamakon kwayoyin yana da wani mikakke tsari, wata hydrocarbon kira n - heptane. Harafin "n" na nufin wani mike carbon kwarangwal a cikin hydrocarbon.

Yanzu canja wuri na carbon atoms, "rage" a cikin wannan harka a mike carbon sarkar a C7H16. Ƙirƙiri isomers iya zama a cikin kumbura ko taqaitaccen tsarin form. La'akari yanzu na biyu embodiment. Da farko daya C zarra shirya wani methyl m at daban-daban matsayi.

Active isomer heptane, yana da wadannan sinadaran sunan: 2-methylhexane. Yanzu "mu matsar da" m carbon zarra na gaba. A sakamakon cikakken hydrocarbon kira 3-methylhexane.

Idan muka ci gaba da motsa m Ƙidayar zai fara a gefen dama (kusa da saman ne a hydrocarbon m), cewa shi ne, mun samu wannan isomer, wanda muka riga da. Saboda haka, tunanin game da yadda za a yi da dabara na isomers na fara abu, zai yi kokarin sa kwarangwal ko "guntu".

Sauran biyu na carbon iya zama ba a cikin nau'i na biyu free radicals - methyl.

Da farko tsara su a cikin daban-daban carbons kunshe a cikin babban sarkar. Mun kira sakamakon isomer -2,3 dimethylpentane.

Yanzu bar wani m a wannan wuri, da kuma za ta motsa zuwa na gaba biyu carbon zarra na babban sarkar. Wannan abu ne ake kira 2,4 dimethylpentane.

Yanzu shirya hydrocarbon radicals da daya carbon zarra. A farko, na biyu, kafin su sami 2,2 dimethylpentane. Sa'an nan kuma, na uku samun dimethylpentane 3.3.

Yanzu mu bar a cikin babban sarkar na hudu carbon atoms, da sauran uku amfani kamar yadda methyl radicals. Mun jera su kamar haka: biyu a na biyu C zarra, daya - da uku carbon. Mun kira isomer samu: 2,2, 3 trimethylbutane.

A Example heptane mun tattauna yadda za a yi isomers na cikakken hydrocarbons. A cikin hoton misalai na tsarin isomers ake wakilta domin butena6 ta chlorine Kalam.

alkenes

Wannan aji na Organic abubuwa yana da janar dabara CnH2n. Bugu da kari ga cikakken C-C shaidu a cikin wannan aji, akwai kuma wani biyu bond. Yana da kayyade asali Properties na wannan jerin. Bari mu magana game da yadda za su bar isomers na alkenes. Bari bayyana da bambance-bambance daga cikakken hydrocarbons. Bugu da kari ga isomerism daga cikin manyan sarkar (tsarin dabara) ga wakilan wannan aji na Organic hydrocarbons ne ma halin da uku jinsunan isomers, na lissafi (CIS kuma trans siffofin), mahara bond matsayi da kuma Interclass isomer (cycloalkanes).

isomers na C6H12

Ka yi kokarin gano yadda za a tsara isomers c6h12, la'akari da cewa da abu zuwa ga dabara iya zama mallakin kai tsaye zuwa biyu azuzuwan hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi: alkenes, cycloalkanes.

Don fara, tunani game da yadda za a zama isomers na alkenes, idan akwai wata biyu bond a cikin kwayoyin. Saka mike carbon sarkar, sa mahara bond bayan na farko da carbon zarra. Mun kokarin ba kawai yin s6n12 isomers, amma kuma suna da abu. Wannan abu - hexene - 1 A lambobin nuna matsayi a cikin kwayoyin biyu bond. A da motsi tare da carbon sarkar, hexene samu -2 da hexene - 3

Yanzu mu zaton yadda za a yi isomers wannan dabara, canza yawan kwayoyin halitta a cikin babban sarkar.

Don rage farkon carbon kwarangwal daya carbon zarra, shi ne a matsayin wani methyl m. Biyu bond bayan na farko da izni ga zarra S. A sakamakon isomer na tsanaki nomenclature zai yi da wadannan sunan: 2 methylpentene - 1. Yanzu matsar da hydrocarbyl kungiyar a kan babban sarkar, da barin canzawa da matsayi na biyu bond. Wannan unsaturated hydrocarbon ne a branched tsarin kira 3 methylpentene-1.

Yana yiwuwa ba tare da canza wuri na babban sarkar da daya biyu bond isomer: 4 methylpentene-1.

Domin C6H12 abun da ke ciki na iya kokarin don matsawa da biyu bond daga farko zuwa matsayi na biyu ba tare da mayar da kanta cikin manyan sarkar. The m haka ne za a koma tare da carbon kwarangwal, tun da na biyu atomic S. Wannan isomer yana da sunan 2 methylpentene-2. Bugu da ƙari kuma, shi ne zai yiwu su sanya wani m CH3 uku carbon zarra haka samun 3-methylpentene 2

Lokacin da sanya shi a cikin saura a karo na hudu carbon zarra sarkar da aka kafa wani sabon abu unsaturated hydrocarbon da carbon kwarangwal Tuddan - 4 methylpentene-2.

Tare da kara rage yawan C a cikin babban sarkar, za a iya samun daya isomer.

The biyu bond zai bar bayan na farko da carbon zarra, da kuma biyu m iyar da uku C zarra na babban sarkar, dimetiluten samu 3,3-1.

Yanzu muna sa radicals a kan m carbon atoms, ba tare da canza wuri na biyu bond samu 2,3-dimethylbutyl 1. Gwada ba tare da canza girman da babban sarkar, da biyu bond tafi zuwa matsayi na biyu. A radicals haka za mu iya samar da kawai 2 ko 3 C kwayoyin halitta, da ciwon 2,3 dimethylbut-2.

Sauran tsarin isomers ga wani ba alkene ba, wani ƙoƙari na fito da ka'idar zai kai ga rushewa daga cikin tsarin da kwayoyin abubuwa A. M. Butlerova.

Sarari isomers C6H12

Yanzu gano yadda za a samar da isomers da homologs daga gare daga ra'ayinsa na sarari isomerism. Yana da muhimmanci a fahimci cewa CIS kuma trans alkenes ne kawai zai yiwu ga matsayi na biyu bond na 2 da kuma 3.

Duk da yake a daya jirgin sama hydrocarbon radicals kafa CIS - auna -2-hexene, kuma a radicals tsari a daban-daban jirage, trans-hexene fom - 2.

Interclass isomers C6H12

Muhawwara game da yadda za a yi isomers da homologues ba zai iya manta da game da wannan embodiment kamar yadda Interclass isomerism. Domin unsaturated hydrocarbons yawan ethylene, da ciwon da janar dabara CnH2n irin isomers ne cycloalkanes. A fasalin wannan aji na hydrocarbons ne kasancewar wani cyclic (rufe-madauki) tsarin a cikin cikakken guda bond tsakanin carbon atoms. Za ka iya ƙirƙirar wani dabara na cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane, dimethylcyclobutane, trimetiltsiklopropana.

ƙarshe

Organic sunadarai ne multifaceted, enigmatic. The yawa na Organic abubuwa wuce daruruwan sau da yawan inorganic mahadi. Wannan hujja ne sauƙi bayyana ta da wanzuwar irin na musamman da sabon abu a matsayin isomers. Idan wani homologue jerin aka shirya irin wannan a cikin tsarin da kaddarorin abubuwa, canza wuri da carbon atoms a cikin sarkar, ne sabon mahadi mai suna isomers. Kawai bayan ka'idar sinadaran tsarin gudanar da mahadi da aka classified duk hydrocarbons su fahimci ƙayyadaddu na kowane aji. Daya daga cikin kayan abinci na wannan ka'idar, kai tsaye alaka da sabon abu na isomerism. Babban Rasha sunadarai, ya iya fahimta, don bayyana, ya tabbatar da cewa wurin da carbon atoms dogara ne a kan sinadaran Properties daga cikin abu, ta reaktsionanya aiki, m aikace-aikace. Idan muka kwatanta da yawan isomers kafa m unsaturated alkanes da alkenes, manyan lalle alkenes. Dalilin shi ne, akwai wani biyu bond a cikin kwayoyin. Wannan shi damar wannan aji na kwayoyin halitta ta samar da ba kawai da alkenes daban-daban da kuma Tsarin, amma kuma magana game da meklassovoy isomers da cycloalkanes.