Cikakken hydrocarbons: general halaye, isomers, sinadaran Properties

Hydrocarbons - mafi sauki aji na Organic abubuwa, da kwayoyin da kawai biyu sunadaran sinadaran abubuwa - carbon da hydrogen. Na daban-daban hydrocarbon da sinadaran kira hanyoyin shirya mafi azuzuwan hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi.

Hydrocarbons ya kasu kashi biyu subclasses - acyclic da cyclic. By acyclic hydrocarbons, ko m hydrocarbons ko aliphatic hydrocarbons, hada da wadannan kungiyoyin: cikakken hydrocarbons (alkanes), unsaturated (alkenes, alkynes, dienes), acyclic terpenes. A cyclic hydrocarbon kungiyoyin wakilta cycloparaffins, fagage da kuma cyclic terpenes. Terpenes wani lokacin ake magana a kai a matsayin abu na nazarin bioorganic sunadarai.

Cikakken hydrocarbons (alkanes) - fili na carbon da hydrogen kwayoyin a cikin abin da duk valency rage, bayan da connection tsakanin carbon atoms ne guda bond, cikakken carbon sunadaran hydrogen. All alkanes za a iya gani a matsayin homologues ko Kalam na methane. Idan methane, wanda yana da kwayoyin dabara na CH4, debewa daya hydrogen zarra ne kafa barbashi - CH3 m. Saboda gaskiya cewa a cikin kwayoyin na Organic abu kamar carbon ne yawanci tetravalent, dangane da biyu irin radicals sa bayyanar da biyu wakilin homologue jerin - ethane (C2H6). Idan ethane daga daukar daya daga hydrogen zarra, wani ethyl m aka kafa, wanda, bayan dangane da uku homolog suranta CH3 - propane.

Binciken tsarin dabara propane, sauki shigar, cewa tsarin da ta kwayoyin kunshi iri biyu carbon atoms - firamare da kuma sakandare. Kowane farko carbon zarra daure su daya carbon zarra na daya daga cikin valency, da kuma na biyu - biyu valencies zuwa biyu carbon atoms. Idan mu cire daga primary carbon zarra na hydrogen propane, primary propyl kafa daga sakandare - sakandare propyl. Hada hannu da farko ko na biyu propyl bromide sa da samuwar tsarin bambancin karo na hudu, homolog. Biyu sadarwa an kafa - mike al'ada butane da isobutane carboxylic sarkar branched carbon sarkar.

Cikakken hydrocarbons: tsarin

A hankula wakilin alkanes ne methane. Kwayoyin dabara CH4. Domin kwayoyin na alkanes ne na hali sigma bond. Jigidar halittar da methane carbon zarra suranta hudu covalent shaidu saboda wani uku s- kuma p-orbitals da kowane mai hydrogen zarra, - saboda da s-orbitals.

Cikakken hydrocarbons: nomenclature da isomerism

Lokacin da Fading fitar, tsarin dabara na homologue jerin methane, butane C4H10 tun mun haɗu da sabon abu na isomerism. Alal misali, kwayoyin dabara C4H10 hadu biyu mutum mahadi S5N12 - uku. Daga bisani, yawan isomers da yawan carbon atoms a cikin kwayoyin na wani alkane ƙaruwa. Alal misali, kwayoyin dabara S6N14 hadu biyar tsarin dabarbari da mutum mahadi, bi da bi, S7N16 - 9, S8N18 - 18, C10H22 - 76 S12N26 - 355. A farko hudu wakilin alkanes - gas daga na biyar zuwa goma sha biyu - ruwa, tun sha shida - daskararru .

Chemical kaddarorin cikakken hydrocarbons

All saturates inert abubuwa. Wannan shi ne domin kwayoyin na alkanes na carbon da hydrogen atoms nasaba sigma shaidu, saboda haka wadannan mahadi ba za a iya a haɗe hydrogen atoms. Alkanes amsa m halogenation, nitration, tsakiyan nonon. A lokacin halogenation halogens sauƙi canza kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin na hydrogen alkane. Lokacin da nitriding nitro sauƙi sauya for hydrogen a cikin manyan, da wuya - a sakandare da kuma primary carbon zarra.

Cikakken da kuma unsaturated hydrocarbons ne albarkatun kasa don samar da daban-daban Organic abubuwa. Tsagawa kashe hydrogen atoms daga cikakken hydrocarbons za a iya samu unsaturated (alkenes, alkynes).