Subject Biology da kuma ayyuka

Manufofi da makasudin ilmin halitta - abu na farko da dole ne ka fahimci, da suka fara zuwa karatu wannan kimiyya. Wannan ne gininsa a kan wanda duk kara ilimi aka gina. Manufofi da makasudin na ilmin halitta, kazalika ta magana, hanyoyin da muhimmanci da za a tattauna a wannan labarin.

Don fara, bari mu juya zuwa tarihi. Domin da farko lokacin da Kalmar "nazarin halittun" samarwa zh. B. Lamark, a Faransa masanin kimiyya. Ya yi amfani da shi a 1802 don bayyana kimiyya cewa sha'awar da rayuwa kamar yadda na musamman na halitta sabon abu. The ayyuka na zamani ilmin halitta ne quite m. Yana da wani dukan hadaddun na kimiyyar da hannu a cikin binciken yanayi, da dokokin ta ci gaba da kuma zama.

Halayyar fasali na nazarin halittun

Domin wannan kimiyya ne halin da:

• kusa hulda da dama tarbiyya, ta bijiro da batun kafa.
• high specialization.
• hadewa.

Yau, muna da sha'awar a kimiyya ne kullum wadãtar da sabon generalizations, theories, da ainihin abu.

Babban aiki na ilmin halitta

The ayyuka na zamani ilmin halitta ne sosai bambancin, amma babban na su - da sanin dokokin da wanda juyin halitta ya auku. Gaskiyar cewa kwayoyin duniya tare da bayyanar rayuwa a duniya da aka canza. Ya ne kullum gwamnatin a sakamakon halitta haddasawa. A biosphere taka babban rawa a cikin samuwar hydrosphere, da yanayi, a cikin halittar fuskar ƙasa.

wasu ayyuka

Za mu iya bambanta da wadannan asali ilmin halitta na matsalar:

• biotsinozov nazari.
• namun daji, management.
• binciken inji ta da kai-tsari na faruwa.
• yi nazarin aikin da tsarin da cell.
• nazarin m rayuwa events faruwa a matakin kwayoyin (irritability, kwayoyin bambancin, metabolism).
• nazarin al'amurran da suka shafi na canzawa da kuma gadar hali.

Quite mai ban sha'awa jerin, yarda. Saboda haka, asali ilmin halitta na matsalar shi ne sanin daban-daban dokokin general, wanda shi ne ci gaban da namun daji a cikin binciken na rayuwa siffofin da watsuwar ta ainihi.

subject Biology

Mu ne sha'awar kimiyya nazarin rayuwa, siffofin da daban-daban alamu na ci gaba. A iri-iri na duk dadaddun da suke zaune a cikin halin yanzu, duniya tamu halittu masu rai shi ne batun da binciken. Ɗawainiya ilmin halitta mun kawai ya bayyana, kuma a yanzu zauna a kan ta magana. Biology tsarin amfani (daga anatomic da morphological to kwayoyin) asalin, aiki, juyin halitta, mutum raya kasa, baza, da kuma dangantaka da kwayoyin da juna da kuma da yanayi.

Wannan kimiyya karatu da masu zaman kansu da kuma na kowa alamu da suke da halayyar rayuwa a duk da manifestations. A ilmin halitta, da aikin ne don nazarin makamashi metabolism kuma abu, bambancin da kuma gadar hali, haifuwa, ci gaba da kuma girma, mai hankali, irritability, motsi, autoregulation, da sauransu. Duk na sama ne ta batu.

kwatance

A ilmin halitta, dangane da gwajin batutuwa za a iya gano a wurare da dama. Kamar Anthropology, ilmin dabbobi, o, ilimin, virology da sauransu. Wadannan sciences suna karatu da halaye na raya kasa, tsarin, asalin rayuwa, kazalika da rarraba bambancin, da kaddarorin kowane irin kwayoyin cuta , ƙwayoyin cuta, shuke-shuke, da dabbobi da mutane. A fagen ilimi da hankalin mu shi ne ya zama ruwan dare a kan kaddarorin, tsarin da manifestations na rayuwa Anatomy da ilimin halittar jiki, Physiology, jinsi, raya ci gaban ilmin halitta, ka'idar juyin halitta, da lafiyar qasa da sauran kwayoyin matsala a ilmin halitta, ta hanyar, -. An muhimmin ɓangare na yi, wanda shi ne wani ɓangare daga cikin makaranta manhaja ga wannan kimiyya.

Biophysics da Biochemistry nazarin physico-sunadarai matakai da kuma sinadaran halayen da ke faruwa a halittu masu rai, jiki tsari da kuma sinadaran da abun da ke ciki na nazarin halittu da tsarin a bangarori daban-daban na kungiyar. Biometrics sa ya yiwu a kafa dokokin da ba za a iya gani a binciken na mutum mamaki da kuma matakai. Wannan ne mai hade da duk shiryawa hanyoyin, kazalika da aiki na da sakamakon samu ta hanyar ilmin lissafi statistics. Ilmin sanin kwayoyin halittu na matsalar shafi nazarin rayuwa mamaki cewa faruwa a matakin kwayoyin. Wadannan sun hada da, musamman, da ayyuka da kuma tsarin da Kwayoyin, gabobin da kyallen takarda. Janar Biology tasowa a duniya a dokokin tsarin (tsarin) da kuma aiki. Wannan shi ne, tana da sha'awar abin da yake ga kowa da kowa kwayoyin.

matakin kwayoyin

Subject Biology da kuma matsalolin da za a iya jawabi a matakai daban-daban. Yanzu za mu bayyana a cikin daki-daki, ga kõwane ɗaya daga gare su.

dama matakan na nazari da kuma kungiyar na rayuwa mamaki (tsarin da kuma aikin) a yau saki: da biosphere-biogeocenotic, yawan-iri, kwayoyin, sashin jiki, nama, salula, kwayoyin. A karshen nazarin rawar da kwayoyin da suke da ilimin muhimmanci a cikin ci gaba da kuma ci gaban da kwayoyin a cikin watsa da kuma ajiya na kwayoyin bayanai a canji na makamashi da kuma metabolism a rayayyun tantani, da dai sauransu Wadannan su ne wadannan kwayoyin :. lipids, nucleic acid, sunadarai, polysaccharides da kuma et al.

salula matakin

Salula matakin ya shafi shawara na tsarin kungiyar na sel guda. Shi ne ake kira da rukunan cytology, wanda ya hada da cytochemistry, cytogenetics, cytophysiology, cytomorphology. Wannan koyaswar bayar da lura a daban-daban gabobin da kyallen takarda tsakanin sel da fasali mai aikin, physiological da biochemical connection.

kwayoyin matakin

A kwayoyin matakin Biology bincika mamaki da kuma matakai da faruwa a mutum guda, kazalika da hanyoyin tabbatar da hadewa aiki na da tsarin da kuma gabobin. Don shi ma ya hada da dangantaka da daban-daban gabobin a cikin jiki, ta hali da kuma Na'urar canje-canje lura a daban-daban muhalli da yanayi.

Yawan jama'a-jinsunan matakin

Mu ci gaba da gaba matakin, da yawan-jinsunan. Shi ne tushen daban-daban daga baya daya. A tsawon rayuwar da mutane suna da genetically qaddara. Bayan wani lokaci da suka mutu, bayan da m ta yiwuwa na ci gaba. Duk da haka, a karkashin dama muhalli da yanayi akwai dukan sa na su ne iya girma illa ma sha Allahu. A batun da lafiyar qasa, phenology, ilimin halittar jiki, halittar jini ne da nazarin da kuzarin kawo cikas da kuma tsarin da jama'ar. Population - wani tarin mutane na musamman nau'in cewa raba na kowa gene pool, da kuma rayuwa a wani yanki da kimanin wannan yanayi na zama a cikin kwayoyin, salon salula da kuma kwayoyin matakan.

yanayin kasa matakin

Idan muka magana game da matakin da yanayin kasa (da biosphere-biogeocenotic), to, shi ya duba dangantaka tsakanin kwayoyin da kuma yanayi, kazalika da hijirarsa na rai al'amari, da dokoki da kuma hanyar da ya kwarara daga makamashi hawan keke. Yana kuma yi karatu da sauran matakai da faruwa a al'amarin (Biogeocenoses).

nazarin halittun da hanyoyin

Mu yanzu bayyana bincike hanyoyin amfani da wannan kimiyya. Na farkon su - kallon. Amfani da shi ne zai yiwu a bayyana da kuma bincika wani iri-iri na nazarin halittu mamaki. Yana gina wani Hanyar - siffatawa. Domin fahimci ainihin wani sabon abu, dole ne ka fara tara gaskiyane abu. Bayan da bukatar bayyana shi.

Wani muhimmin Hanyar - tarihi. Amfani da shi ne zai yiwu a gano alamu na abin da ya faru da kuma ci gaban da jiki, don su bincika samuwar ta ayyuka da kuma Tsarin.

A gwaji hanyar dogara ne a kan halittar wani tsarin niyya hanya. Tare da shi ba za ka iya gano da mamaki da kuma kaddarorin yanayi.

A karshen hanya, wanda mu fahince, - tallan kayan kawa. Yana da wani binciken da wani sabon abu da samar da tsarin.

Saboda haka, batu, manufofin da hanyoyin da ilmin halitta, mun bayyana. A karshe, mun gaya muku game da muhimmancin wannan kimiyya.

The darajar Biology

Hakika, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a siffata mu duniya, kazalika da fahimtar da muhimman hakkokin falsafa da kuma methodological matsaloli. Bugu da kari, shi ne na girma m muhimmancin (ya ba da bayani na abinci da matsaloli, shawara a kan kwaro iko, da dai sauransu ..). A musamman, don tabbatar da cewa mutum bukatun abinci, ya kamata da cika fuska kara da girma na noma. A warware wannan matsala da hannu a cikin irin wannan sciences kamar dabba husbandry da kuma amfanin gona samar. Suna dogara ne a kan nasarorin da shuka kiwo da kuma itatuwa aure.

Ilimi daga cikin dokokin gadar hali da canzawa ba ka damar haifar mafi m breeds na dabbobin gida da kuma iri na horar da shuke-shuke. Wannan damar bil'adama zuwa gona maida, ba a baje. Godiya ga dukan abin da ya gana da bukatun mutane a cikin abinci. Biology nasarori ana amfani da magani, kazalika da kare muhalli.

Kamar yadda ka gani, da manufa da kuma manufofin da kimiyya na nazarin halittun da matukar muhimmanci daga wani m ra'ayi. Godiya ta zuwa ga nasarori mutãne ya samu gagarumar nasara.