Tsarin dabara - hoto misali abu

An dade an yarda a sinadaran abun da ke ciki na wani abu rikodin rage tsawon da alamomin da fihirisa (lambobin). Sana'ar rubuce-rubuce a cikin wannan hanya ita ake kira "empirical" dabara. Alal misali, abun da ke ciki na phosphoric acid da aka nuna a cikin wannan tsari - H ₃ PO _4. Daga wannan rikodi, da kwayoyin na phosphoric acid da aka hada da uku hydrogen atoms, daya - phosphorus, da kuma hudu - oxygen. Duk da haka, shi ne m yadda abubuwa suna juna, Ina nufin bayanai ne bai cika ba. Don magance wannan rata, da tsarin dabara ya shafi abu.

Irin wannan fili yana mafi girma rikodi bayanai abun ciki tun tare da taimako daga schematically nuna, da yadda kuma a cikin abin da jerin abubuwa abu juna. A cikinsu kowane covalent bond (biyu daga electrons) da aka wakilta wani dash kuma yayi dace da daya naúrar na valence.

Alal misali, oxygen yana da wani valence na biyu, shi ne kewaye da biyu Lines, hydrogen - valence na daya, saboda haka, daya dash, phosphorus - biyar, biyar dashes. Bisa irin wannan rubuce-rubuce iya zaci sinadaran Properties daga cikin abubuwa zuwa rarraba da kuma shirya.

A tsarin dabara iya rubuta a cike da kuma taqaitaccen nau'i. duk shaidu tsakanin kwayoyin halitta a kayyade lokacin da fadada form, kuma ga rubutu a rage tsawon fom - babu.

A mafi bayyane da kuma muhimmanci ne aka zana wakilci na mahadi a cikin kwayoyin sunadarai. Bayan duk, da kaddarorin abubuwa ba kawai ya dogara ne a kan yawan kwayoyin zarra da kwayoyin amma kuma umurnin sadarwa. Wannan sabon abu ne da ake kira "isomers" (sashe na carbon sarkar).

Alal misali, tsarin dabara na ethane ya ce duk da valence na carbon aiki, kuma zai iya daina hašawa da kanta zuwa wasu kwayoyin halitta. Wannan ya nuna cewa C ₂ H ₆ - Wakilin cikakken hydrocarbons, covalent bond a cikin DNA, da free electrons da haka ne kawai zai yiwu ga ethane canzawa dauki da r Oren.

A tsarin dabara na abu kuma nuna aikin kungiyoyin na carbohydrates: alkyl kungiyar - daga alcohols, aldehyde - daga aldehydes benzene tsakiya - da aromatic mahadi. Bugu da kari, da taimakon Schematic images sauƙi "gani" by gaban halayyar shaidu cikakken hydrocarbons - guda covalent bond. Unsaturated: ethylene - daya biyu bond, diene - biyu biyu shaidu, sau uku - acetylene.

Tsarin dabara fructose misali ne na sarari isomerism. Wannan carbohydrate yana da guda ingantaccen da kuma gwada yawa abun da ke ciki kamar yadda glucose. The bayani zo a dama siffofin. Daga mai hoto dabara fructose shi za a iya gani cewa ya qunshi wani ketone da wani hydroxy kungiyar, Ina nufin, The abu yana da wani "dual" Properties na alcohols da ketones. Har ila yau, wannan dabara yale mu mu tsayar da cewa ketonospirt sakamakon saura kuma cyclic-glucose da kuma pentose sugars (fructose).

Saboda haka, tsarin dabara na - zana wakilci na wani abu da wanda ya gane da wuri daga cikin kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin dogara ne a kan irin na sadarwa da kuma su halaye.