Global evolutionism a matsayin babbar yayi na zamani halitta kimiyya

Global evolutionism, da kuma na zamani kimiyya hoto na duniya - a topic wanda aka sadaukar domin ayyukansa, da yawa masu bincike. A zamanin yau shi ne mafi zama mashahuri domin a cikin shi suna dauke da mafi muhimmanci al'amurran da suka shafi kimiyya.

duniya (duniya) ra'ayi na ci gaba da shawara cewa, tsarin da duniya ya consistently inganta. Duniya shi ne a matsayin wani mahaluži, wanda ya yale mu mu yi magana game da hadin kai na janar dokokin rayuwa da kuma sararin samaniya ya ba ka damar da za su "proportionate" ga mutum, to danganta wa] annan shi tare da shi. Concept of duniya evolutionism, da tarihi, da kuma ka'idojin Concepts tattauna a wannan labarin.

prehistory

A ra'ayin na duniya ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci a cikin al'adun Turai. A cikin sauki siffofin (Kant cosmogony Epigenesis, preformism) shi ne har yanzu a cikin 18th karni kimiyya tsinkãyi. Riga karni na 19 za a iya gaskiya da ake kira karni na juyin halitta. Irfanin tallan kayan kawa na abubuwa, halin da ci gaba, fara biya mai yawa da hankali a farko a fannin binciken kasa, sa'an nan a cikin ilmin halitta da kuma ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a.

Ka'idar Darwin, bincike Herbert Spencer

Charles Darwin ne ya fara amfani da manufa na ci gaba a fagen gaskiya, haka kwanciya kafuwar zamani msar tambayar ilmin halitta. Herbert Spencer yunkurin tsinkaya daga cikin ra'ayoyi kan ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a. Wannan masanin kimiyya ya tabbatar da cewa juyin ra'ayi za a iya amfani da su daban-daban yankunan duniya cewa ba dangantaka da batun ilmin halitta. Duk da haka, classic kimiyya a general bai yarda da ra'ayin. Gwamnatin Systems ya dade da aka dauke da masana kimiyya a matsayin wani bazuwar sabawa, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin wani sakamakon gida disturbances. Lissafin kimiyya sun sanya su farko ƙoƙari su mika wannan ra'ayi bayan da zamantakewa da kuma kimiyya ne, sa a gaba da suke cewa sararin duniya ne fadada.

A ra'ayi na Big Bang

Data samu ilmin Taurari sun tabbatar da gazawar da da ra'ayoyi da tukwãne talikai. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa an yi masu tasowa tun da Big Bang, wadda bisa ga zato, bayar da makamashi domin cin gaban su. Wannan ra'ayi ya bayyana a cikin 40s na karshe karni, kuma a shekarar 1970 karshe kafa. Saboda haka, juyin cosmology shiga gabatarwa. A ra'ayi na Big Bang muhimmanci canza fahimta na yadda al'amarin a cikin sararin samaniya ya tashi.

Kawai a karshen cikin karni na 20th kimiyya ya samu methodological da msar tambayar kayan aikin da samuwar guda model juyin halitta, da bude daga cikin dokokin general na yanayi, wanda aka integrally daure zuwa fitowan na sararin duniya, da hasken rana tsarin, duniyar, rayuwa da kuma, a karshe, mutumin da al'umma. Universal (Global) evolutionism ne model.

Ana zargin duniya evolutionism

A farkon 80-ies karni na karshe, ta zamani, falsafa ya zama ban sha'awa mana da ra'ayi. Global evolutionism farko ya fara da za a gani a cikin binciken na integrative mamaki a kimiyya, wanda suna da alaka da Lessons a cikin daban-daban rassan halitta kimiyya juyin ilimi. Wannan lokaci ya zama na farko zuwa ayyana so na tarbiyya kamar fannin binciken kasa, ilmin halitta, kimiyyar lissafi da kuma ilmin taurari to hakan na ci gaba da hanyoyin extrapolate. A kalla, wannan shi ne ma'anar manufar amfani ga mu a farko.

Academician NN Moiseev nuna cewa duniya evolutionism iya kawo masana kimiyya ta magance matsalar na ganawa da biosphere da mutum bukatun domin ya hana a duniya muhalli bala'i. The muhawara da aka gudanar ba kawai a cikin hanya na kimiyya. Ba abin mamaki ba, domin ra'ayin duniya evolutionism yana da wani musamman akida kaya, sabanin gargajiya evolutionism. A karshen, kamar yadda ka iya tuna, da aka aza a cikin rubuce-rubucen na Charles Darwin.

Global evolutionism, da kuma na zamani kimiyya hoto na duniya

A halin yanzu, da dama daga cikin kimomi da amfani a gare mu da ra'ayin ci gaba a kimiyya Outlook ne zabi. A musamman, an nuna cewa duniya evolutionism kamata samar da tushen da kimiyya hoto na duniya, saboda shi integrates da kimiyya na mutum da yanayi. A wasu kalmomin, shi aka jaddada cewa, wannan ra'ayi ne na muhimman hakkokin muhimmancin a cikin ci gaban kimiyyar zamani. Global evolutionism yau ne wani tsari form. Kamar yadda muka gani da V. S. Stepin, a kimiyyar zamani, ta kayan abinci a hankali zama da rinjaye Fusion na ilimi. Wannan core ra'ayin cewa permeates da musamman hoto na duniya. Global evolutionism, bisa ga V. S. Stepina, shi ne a duniya bincike shirin fassara bincike dabarun. A halin yanzu, shi wanzu a wani taron na versions da kuma bambance-bambancen karatu, halin da bangarori daban-daban na na ra'ayi elaboration: daga ciko yau da kullum sani na rashin lafiya-kafa da'awar zuwa cikakken Concepts, wanda la'akari daki-daki, dukan shakka juyin halitta na duniya.

Jigon da duniya evolutionism

Ana zargin wannan ra'ayi da aka alaka da fadada daga cikin iyakoki na yarda da zamantakewa da kuma kimiyya ne, juyin m. A wanzuwar ingantaccen leaps a nazarin halittu, da kuma daga shi zuwa zamantakewa duniya ne sun fi mayar da wani asiri. Yana za a iya gane kawai ta dauka da bukatar irin wannan miƙa mulki tsakanin daban-daban na zirga-zirga. A wasu kalmomin, dangane da wanzuwar juyin halitta na duniya a baya, saukarwa na tarihi, da shi za a iya zaci cewa shi ne dukan juyin tsarin. Wannan yana nufin cewa a sakamakon m canje-canje kafa duk sauran iri zirga-zirga, a Bugu da kari ga zamantakewa da kuma nazarin halittu.

Wannan bayani za a iya gani a matsayin mafi janar halitta daga abin da duniya evolutionism. A takaice bayyana ta ginu akai. Wannan zai taimaka maka mafi alhẽri gane abin da yake a kan gungumen azaba.

ka'idodi

Mu ne sha'awar da yayi bayyana kanta yadda za a formalize wani ra'ayi da kuma wani muhimmin bangaren da zamani hoto na duniya a karshe uku na karshe karni a cikin aikin na masana a cosmology (AD Ursula N. N. Moiseeva).

A cewar N. N. Moiseeva, da wadannan ka'idojin underlie da duniya evolutionism:

• Sararin duniya wata guda kai-tasowa tsarin.
• Development of tsarin, su ci gaba ne directional: shi ne a kan hanyar ci gaban da bambancin, da wuya daga cikin wadannan tsarin, kazalika da rage su da kwanciyar hankali.
• Random abubuwan da tasiri cikin ci gaban, babu makawa ba a duk matakai na juyin halitta.
• Gadar hali ne Marinjãyi a duniya: daga baya ya dogara ne a kan halin yanzu da kuma nan gaba, amma a fili ba suna bayyana.
• Shawara daga cikin muhimmancin duniya kamar yadda wani m selection, a cikin abin da tsarin daga mutane da yawa daban-daban rumfa jihohin zaɓa hanya mafi real.
• A gaban bifurcation na jihohi ba, sun ƙaryata, a sakamakon kara juyin halitta ya zama da gaske unpredictable, kamar yadda a tsawon mika mulki akwai bazuwar abubuwan.

Sararin samaniya a cikin ra'ayi na duniya evolutionism

Duniya ta bayyana a matsayin halitta mahaluži, gwamnatin kan lokaci. Global evolutionism - ne da ra'ayin cewa, kamar yadda guda tsari na bincika dukan tarihin duniya. Cosmic, nazarin halittu, da kuma sinadaran zamantakewa juyin halitta a cikin daban na ita suna da nasaba da jũna, kuma genetically.

Hulda da bangarori daban-daban na gwaninta

Evolutionism ne mai muhimmanci bangaren na wani evolutionarily-synergetic yayi a kimiyyar zamani. Ya ba su fahimci a cikin gargajiya ji (Darwin), kuma ta hanyar da ra'ayin duniya (duniya) evolutionism.

Babban burin amfani mana da ra'ayi na ci gaba ne da tauye da rata tsakanin bangarori daban-daban na rayuwa. Magoya bayan ta mayar da hankali a yankunan na ilimi da za a iya extrapolated ga dukan duniya da kuma wanda ya iya danganta da daban-daban, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa kasancewa a cikin wani hadin kai. Irin wannan horo ne Juyin halitta, thermodynamic, da kuma kwanan nan gudummawar ƙwarai zuwa ga duniya evolutionism da kuma hada hannu a.

Duk da haka, muna da sha'awar a cikin ra'ayi a lokaci guda ya bayyana musu tsakanin ka'idar Thermodynamics ta biyu , da kuma ka'idar juyin halitta daga Charles Darwin. Karshe ya sanar da cewa zabin da yanayi da kuma siffofin rayuwa, da} arfafa na oda, da kuma na farko - ci gaban da randomization awo (entropy).

Matsalar da anthropic manufa

Global evolutionism jaddada cewa ci gaban da duniya a matsayin dukan ne da nufin inganta tsarin kungiyar. A cewar wannan ra'ayi, dukan tarihin duniya - guda aiwatar da kai-juyin halitta, kai-gaban al'amarin. Global evolutionism - wani manufa cewa bukatar wani zurfin fahimtar da dabaru na sararin duniya, da cosmic domin na abubuwa. Wannan ra'ayi yanzu yana da m lighting. Masana kimiyya la'akari da shi aksiologicheskie, ma'ana da kuma methodological da falsafa al'amurran. Matsalar da anthropic manufa ne na musamman sha'awa. Akwai har yanzu muhawara a kan batun. Wannan ka'ida da aka nasaba, tare da ra'ayin na duniya evolutionism. Ya ne sau da yawa a matsayin mafi zamani version of shi.

A anthropic manufa ne cewa zargin mutãne ya yiwu ne da wani babban-sikelin Properties na sararin samaniya. Idan sun kasance daban-daban, da cewa babu wanda zai san duniya. Wannan ka'ida da aka sa a gaba ta hanyar Carter B. shekarun da suka gabata da suka wuce. A cewar shi, akwai wani hulda tsakanin wanzuwar m, a cikin duniya da ta sigogi. Wannan ya haifar da halitta na tambaya na yadda da sigogi na mu duniya ne mai haɗari, yadda ake juna. Me zai faru idan akwai wani kadan canji su? Analysis ya nuna cewa ko da karamin canji a cikin na asali jiki sigogi zai kai ga cewa rayuwa, kuma, saboda haka, zuciyar kawai ba zai iya zama a cikin sararin samaniya.

Carter ya bayyana dangantaka tsakanin fitowan da hankali a duniya da kuma ta sigogi a cikin karfi da kuma rauni halitta. The rauni anthropic manufa furta ne kawai da cewa yanayin samuwa ga shi, ba ya musanta wanzuwar mutum. Strong Anthropic {a'ida shawara a tougher dangantaka. A samaniya, bisa ga shi, ya zama irin wannan cewa a wani mataki na ci gaba, shi damar da wanzuwar kallo.

coevolution

A ka'idar duniya evolutionism yana da muhimmanci sosai da kuma irin wannan abu a matsayin "co-juyin halitta". Wannan lokaci da aka amfani da su koma zuwa wani sabon mataki, a cikin abin da kasancewar mutum da yanayi ne m. A ra'ayi na co-juyin kahu a kan gaskiyar cewa mutane, canza biosphere daidaita shi da bukatun su, ya canza su, don saduwa da haƙiƙa bukatun na halitta. Wannan ra'ayi ya bayyana a dabzar form da kwarewa na 'yan adam a cikin shakka daga tarihi, wanda ya ƙunshi wasu imperatives da kuma tsari na zamantakewa da na halitta interactions.

a ƙarshe

Global evolutionism da kuma na zamani hoto na duniya - a zafi sosai topic a kimiyya. Wannan labarin ya rufe kawai na asali al'amurran da suka shafi matsalolin. Matsalar duniya evolutionism, idan so, za a iya karatu na dogon lokaci.