Saponins - abin da yake da shi? Halaye, bayanin

Chemicals saponins (ma glycosides saponizidy ko geterozidy) - ne Kalam na triterpenoids da steroids. Bã su da wani waje da kuma hemolytic aiki, kazalika da mai guba in banda kisan gillar dabbobi. Saponins kasu kashi triterpenoid da steroid. An same su a cikin mai tushe, ganye, da furanni, Tushen da 'ya'yan itatuwa da tsire-tsire. Wadannan kayan kunshi wani carbohydrate da kuma aglycon.

Description da halaye

Duk wani saponin wanda kaddarorin da dama fasali, tana da wani shahararren tasiri a kan nazarin halittu kwayoyin. Wannan abu yana sa hemolysis da kuma siffofin cholesterol (saboda wannan harsashi hasarar da semipermeable erythrocytes). Action saponins take kaiwa zuwa ingress haemoglobin a cikin jini. Saboda wannan sakamako a banda kisan gillar dabbobi lalace gills.

Mutane da yawa kwayoyin aka kashe da guba, wanda aka ware saponins. Mene ne wannan? Wadannan mahadi amorphous ko crystalline hygroscopic yellowish abu (ko colorless). Domin saponin ne halin high thermal narkewa da bazuwar. Su ne iya rage da surface tashin hankali, saboda abin da ta girgiza su ruwa-ruwa mafita samar da m barga kumfa. A chloroform, benzene kuma diethyl ether siponiny insoluble. A halin da ake ciki ne daban-daban da ruwa, ethanol da methanol. A cikin wadannan hydrophilic kaushi saponins narkewa a cikin hali na babban abun ciki monosoharidov a cikin kwayoyin.

Misalan saponin a cikin yanayi

Nisa daga wannan iyali na shuke-shuke dauke da saponins. Total masana kimiyya da game da 40 na wadannan jinsunan kungiyoyin. Kwayoyin na irin shuke-shuke sun dauki narkar saponins. Mene ne wannan? Mafi sau da yawa, wannan ɓangare na da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na karkashin kasa da shuke-shuke. Triterpene saponins ne halayyar Caryophyllaceae, Araliaceae, legumes, polemoniaceae, polygalaceae, hippocastanoideae, Rosaceae da t. D. An yadu rarraba shuke-shuke kamar licorice, ko ginseng, msl, Aralia.

Steroidal saponins wani bangare ne na shuke-shuke na da Lily iyali, figwort, agave, dioscoreaceae da haka. A. Wannan kungiyar hada sarsaparil, foxglove da Dioscorea.

Sha'awa, da wakilan da Flora ware saponins don kare kansu da pathogens. Saboda haka, glycosides ta da su girma kudi, danniya juriya da kuma inganta germination. saponin By canza abun da ke ciki na carotenoid pigments da hannu a photosynthesis. The abu za a iya samar a cikin ganye, inda aka hawa da sauran shuka. Amfani fili aka tara a cikin na musamman Kwayoyin da epidermal kara. A ƙarshe, shi da ke shiga cikin rhizome, shi ne alhakin vegetative yaduwa. Saponins ake samar a wani ƙara kudi a taron na lalacewar shuka kyallen takarda.

Hydrolysis da abun ciki na monosaccharides

Halittu saponins a tsire-tsire, acid hydrolysis. Za su iya samar da kwayoyin gidaje tare da lipids, sterols, sunadaran da phenolic mahadi. Saponins (more daidai, su carbohydrate rabo) dauke daga 1 zuwa 11 monosaccharides. Dangane da adadin da wani abu na nufin wani irin: oligozidam, pentozidam, triozidam, biozidam, monozidam.

A mafi yawan lokuta suna dauke da abubuwa kamar D-xylose, D-glucose, D-galactose, L-arabinose, L-rhamnose da t. D. Irin wannan abubuwa da kuma hada saponins. Mene ne wannan? Monosaccharides - kwayoyin fili kafa da carbon sarƙoƙi da za a iya branched ko mikakke. Steroidal saponins iri kunshi 1-5 irin wannan abubuwa, yayin da ta triterpene iya samun 10 ko fiye.

A hakar saponins

Shiri na saponin daga asali na halitta albarkatun kasa ne da za'ayi a dama, saukarwa. Da farko zo hakar (canja wurin gyara daga m zuwa wani ruwa da sauran ƙarfi). Sa'an nan, sakamakon abu ne tsarkake da kuma raba.

Domin hakar na iyakacin duniya kaushi amfani - ethanol da methanol da daban-daban yawa. Har ila yau, amfani da sodium chloride bayani. A wasu lokuta, hakar albarkatun kasa zuwa sarrafa ether da carbon. Ba tare da wannan hanya ba zai yiwu ba, halakarwa slozhnorastvorimyh gidaje ciki har da saponins, sunadarai, sterols da phenolic mahadi.

tsaftacewa

A hanya domin yana tsarkake da saponins samu dogara a kan su tsari. Alal misali, iyakacin duniya jinsin su ne talauci mai narkewa a cikin methanol da ethanol, da kuma karkashin sanyaya ko Bugu da kari na ethanol samar da wata halayyar precipitate. A halin da ake ciki ne daban-daban tare da glycosides. Suna precipitated bayan dilution da ruwa, barasa ya'ya, kuma kada ku narke a cikin ruwa. Don tsabtace da triterpene saponins bukatar Alkali. Har ila yau mukaddashin a kan su, acetone, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, isoamyl da butyl alcohols.

Sauran tsarkakewa hanyoyin da ake dogara ne a kan kaddarorin da sabon saponins, tare da gubar acetate ko barium hydroxide insoluble gishiri. A kan samu irin wannan gidaje an bazu. Irin wannan hanyoyin su ne zama dole domin samar da mafi m saponins. Mene ne wannan? Wannan shi ne mafi ingancin da kuma bã tãre da impurities aka gyara tare da uniform abun da ke ciki.

chromatographic rabuwa

Duk wani shuka al'amari (msl, flavonoids, saponins da t. D.) bukatar mai da hankali handling. Tsaftace su, a cikin Bugu da kari ga riga ya bayyana hanyoyin yanzu amfani chromatographic rabuwa. A wannan yanayin, da amfani da kaushi kamar acetic acid, n-butanol, chloroform, mai ruwa-ruwa ammonia, n-propyl barasa, methanol, kuma t. D.

Wadannan na farko chromatographic rabuwa aiki farawa acidic reagents - .. Phosphomolybdic acid, antimony pentachloride, da dai sauransu A sakamakon haka, saponins form polyenes - conjugated unsaturated fili. Su za a iya fentin a ja, da shunayya, ko ruwan hoda (dangane da tsarin da abu).

aikace-aikace

Saponins ana amfani da daban-daban manufofin. Alal misali, suna kara a cikin foaming wakili a cikin wuta extinguishers (saboda gaskiyar cewa wadannan abubuwa samar da m lather). Saponins kuma sun hada da suspensions da emulsions na abun da ke ciki, ta haka ne tabbatar da dorewar wadannan dispersions. Abubuwa a cikin wannan kungiyar ne daban-daban Emulsifying Properties, wanda sanya su a amfani bangaren na sabulu.

Saponins ake amfani a cikin shirye-shiryen da wasu drinks (msl, giya), kazalika da confectionery (halvah). Su ake samar da abin da ake ci da sinadirai masu kari. Suna kuma amfani da likita wurare (sedatives, tonics, expectorants, alluran da sauransu. D.). Duk da warkewa amfanin, saponins saboda ta yawan guba, taka tsantsan ake bukata a lokacin da yin amfani da.

A amfani da pharmacology

Saponins, licorice ya dade da aka sani na da anti-rashin lafiyan da anti-mai kumburi mataki. dangane da wadannan formulations iya zama foda, a syrup ko tsame. Liquorice - tushen da kwayoyi. An kara inganta dandano na magunguna da kuma kwayoyi. Licorice aka yi amfani a yanayin saukan kwayar cututtuka na fata da kuma al'aura gabobin, kazalika da shingles.

Mafi amfani daga ra'ayi na pharmacology yana dauke da wani ɓangare na saponins glycyrrhetinic acid da kuma glycyrrhizin. Bisa su suna yi shirye-shirye don taimakawa a yaki da asma. Wani amfani bangaren - flavonoid. Wadannan mahadi kashi flakarbina da likiritona mallakan antiulcer, antisecretory, anti-kumburi da spasmolytic sakamako. Wadannan kwayoyi ana amfani da na ciki da kuma duodenal miki ko gastritis.

A amfani tasiri na ginseng da aka sani, a gẽfen gabas ga dubban shekaru, inda wannan shuka ya zama m miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma aka warin kira da "tushen rayuwa". A China da kuma Korea, shi da ake amfani a dafa. Ginseng tushen da tonic da kuma haramta motsa sakamako, suna amfani da wani adaptogen. Kudi a kan tushen da wadannan reagents an yi amfani da magani na adrenal gland. A taro na saponins a ginseng kai a kalla kan kai shekara shida shuka.

A sakamako a kan jikin mutum

Kamar alkaloids, saponins da wani tasiri a kan mutum kiwon lafiya. Lokacin da sanya shi a cikin baka rami ko mucous membranes na hanci da ido hangula suka sa. An tsananta mugunya gland, wanda taimaka rabu da gamsai kuma taimaka bronchi. Duk da haka, da maida hankali saponin ga jikin mutum na iya zama fiye da kima. A wannan yanayin, akwai hangula daga cikin hanjinsu, kuma ciki. The mai guba effects daga cikin wadannan abubuwa kaiwa zuwa amai, tashin zuciya, juwa ko jiri, kuma zawo.

Saponins ne amfani da jamiái da wanda wasu magunguna da sauri tunawa a cikin jikin mutum. Tasiri ya dogara da takamaiman shuka. Bayan da aka ambata riga effects, su sami anti-miki, m laxative, adaptogenic, kortikotropny da diuretic sakamako.

raw kayan

Daya daga cikin mafi m kafofin of albarkatun kasa domin kadaici da saponins ne Manchurian Aralia. Wannan shi ne wani karamin da sauri-girma itace tsawo daga 3 zuwa 6 mita. An halin na waje tushen tsarin da kuma sama-sama kama da itacen dabino. A shuka ne na kowa a cikin Far East na Rasha, gami da Khabarovsk, Primorsky Territory da Amur yankin.

Saponins ake samu a cikin tushen Aralia. Idan an yi amfani da girbi shuke-shuke da shekaru 5 zuwa shekaru 15. Tushen girbe a kaka ko a cikin spring kafin blooming ganye. Suka haƙa da crowbars da manyan cokula. Sa'an nan, bushewa ake bukata, shi ne mafi sau da yawa da za'ayi a musamman masu na'urorin busa, a cikin abin da zazzabi kai 60 ° C. Shiryayye rayuwar irin albarkatun kasa ne shekaru uku.