A tsari ra'ayi da kuma matakai na institutionalization. Institutionalization a Rasha. Institutionalization - shi ...

Jama'a rai - a Multi-faceted ra'ayi. Duk da haka, ci gaban da Rasha da al'umma, kamar yadda muka gani daga cikin tarihin, ya dogara a kan ingancin da aka gudanar a shi da wani takamaiman m ilimi tsari. Mene ne institutionalization? Wannan kungiyar raya} ungiyoyin jama'a, an daidaita nassi na zamantakewa tafiyar matakai. Kayan aiki Society protrude raya ilimi ilimi - cibiyoyin da wani ajali aiki zane na yau da kullum tsarin, aiki kwatancin. Kowane fanni na rayuwar al'umma da - siyasa, tattalin arziki, shari'a, bayani, al'adu - da za a takaita a cikin ci gaban al'umma da kuma streamline kan aiwatar.

Misalan institutionalization ne, misali, da majalisar dokokin kasar ta kafa a kan tushen da jama'a jama'a. Makaranta, daskarar daga aikin wani fitaccen artist, artist, dancer, Falsafa. addini da cewa Dates ta asalin daga wa'azin daga cikin annabawa. Saboda haka, institutionalization - shi ne, ba shakka, a da ginshikin, - ordering.

Gudanar da shi a matsayin canji na da yawa mutum halayyar daya - jimlace kayyade. Idan muka yi magana game da zane abubuwa na wannan tsari, ci gaba da sociologists, zamantakewa norms, dokoki, statuses da kuma matsayin - yana aiki da} a inji warware latsa zamantakewa da bukatun.

Rasha institutionalization

Ya kamata a gane cewa a gaske m tattalin arziki kafuwar bayar institutionalization a Rasha a cikin sabon karni. Bayar da samar da ci gaba. Don daidaita tsarin siyasa "aiki" kundin tsarin mulki, a amfani da rabuwar majalisu, zartarwa, bangaren shari'a, da 'yanci na data kasance samar da dalilin irin wannan ci gaban.

Tarihi, da institutionalization na gwamnatin Rasha ya dauki wadannan matakai:

• A farko (1991-1998 gg.) - miƙa mulki daga Soviet tsarin mulki.
• Na biyu (1998-2004 gg.) - canji a cikin model na al'umma daga oligarchic zuwa jihar-jari hujja.
• The uku (2005-2007 gg.) - samuwar tasiri cibiyoyin al'umma.
• A karo na hudu (daga 2008) - mataki, halin da tasiri hannu na mutum babban birnin kasar.

A Rasha akwai wani elitist model na dimokuradiyya, iyakance yawan mutanen da rayayye cikin takara a siyasa, wanda yayi dace da Rasha haukan, da ake zargin dominance na jihar bukatun kan bukatun da mutum. Da muhimman hakkokin muhimmancin} ungiyoyin jama'a, da goyon bayan siyasa Elite.

Ya kamata a gane cewa iyakance factor domin ci gaba ne mai gargajiya, masu ilimi da a cikin "kõfatansu a kan duwatsu" 90 shekaru na shari'a nihilism na yawan jama'a. Amma a cikin wani jama'a ya gabatar da sabon ka'idojin dimokuradiyya. A institutionalization na ikon a Rasha ya kai ga gaskiya cewa cibiyoyin siyasa suna rarraba ba kawai a kan mulki, amma kuma a kan hallara daga cikin cibiyoyin. A halin yanzu, da muhimmancin da karshen. Sun yi jawabi da tasiri a kan wasu fannoni na ci gaban al'umma.

A fanni na rinjayar da hukumomi ne ga daukacin jama'ar kasar. Daga cikin babban cibiyoyin siyasa sun hada da Jihar kanta,} ungiyoyin jama'a. A peculiarity na Rasha institutionalization ne ta salo tare da moriyar kasar Sin. Shi ne ba ko da yaushe tasiri a nan shi ne makafi to shigo Yammacin cibiyoyin, don haka institutionalization a Rasha - wata m tsari.

Institutionalization da kuma zamantakewa cibiyoyin

Social cibiyoyin da institutionalization suna da muhimmanci kamar a duniya kayan hada kokari na mutane da yawa da suke zaune a yankuna daban-daban na tarayya domin mafi kyau duka kasafi na albarkatun da kuma gamsuwa da Rasha al'umma.

Alal misali, a jihar ma'aikata aiwatar da ikon saduwa da bukatun na matsakaicin yawan jama'a. Cibiyar Law shirya dangantaka tsakanin mutane da kuma jihar, kazalika da mutane da kuma al'umma baki daya. Cibiyar bangaskiya taimaka mutane da bangaskiya, da ma'anar rayuwa, da gaskiya.

Wadannan cibiyoyin ne kafuwar} ungiyoyin jama'a. Suna generated da bukatun al'umma, wanda shi ne muhimmi a cikin wani taro na bayyana gaskiyar zama.

Daga wani m ra'ayi na mai zama da jama'a ma'aikata za a iya wakilta a matsayin mai "rawar da tsarin", dangane da matsayin da matsayi na daban-daban 'yan al'umma. A daidai wannan lokaci, aiki a tarayya jihar, da Rasha da cibiyoyin samun matsakaicin halaccinta wanzuwa hada da matsakaicin sa na ruwayoyi, al'adu, da halin kirki da kuma halayyarsu. Regulation da kuma kula da hulda da jama'a za'ayi da cibiyoyin, yin doka da kuma zamantakewa norms cewa an kera su wadannan hadisai da kuma al'adu.

Domin da Rasha haukan da matukar muhimmanci ga iyakar yadda ya dace karfafa m kungiyar a cikin aiki na wani na ma'aikata.

A rarrabe fasali na cibiyoyin cewa taimaka a da dama da zamantakewa da rayuwa na kasar domin sanin su samuwa, suna da yawa m iri interactions, kamar tsari na hukuma aikinsu, kuma domin da su yi, gaban, a Jihar "kunkuntar" kwararru horar da a profile.

Abin da ake da zamantakewa cibiyoyin za a iya kira da muhimman hakkokin a yau jama'a? Jerin da aka sani: iyali, kiwon lafiya, ilimi, zamantakewa da kariya, kasuwanci, coci, taro kafofin watsa labarai. ko sun Institutsionizirovany? An sani cewa a kowanne daga wadannan umarnai a cikin gwamnatin akwai dacewa ma'aikata, wanda shi ne "tip" na Game da reshe, wanda yake rufe yankuna. A yankin tsarin na zartarwa ikon tsara dace controls, ne sarrafawa kai tsaye da masu aikatawa, kazalika da muhimmancin da ya dace al'amarin rayuwa.

Jam'iyyun siyasa da su institutionalization

Institutionalization jam'iyyun siyasa a halin yanzu fassarar shi ya fara bayan yakin duniya na II. Game da tsarin za a iya ce da shi ya shafi kan institutionalization na siyasa da kuma doka. Siyasa shirya da kuma optimizes da kokarin 'yan asalin kafa jam'iyyun siyasa. Legal tabbatar da doka matsayi da kuma ayyukan. Muhimmanci al'amurran da suka shafi ne ma wani kalubale ga tabbatar da kudi nuna gaskiya a jam'iyyar ayyuka da kuma dokoki na ta hulda da kasuwanci da kuma jiha.

Kullum shigar kowa yana da doka matsayi na dukkan jam'iyyun (a jihar da kuma sauran kungiyoyin) da kuma mutum matsayi a al'umma na kowane (nuna albarkatun da gudummawarta a cikin al'umma).

The ayyuka da hali na zamani jam'iyyun zaunar da dokar. A Rasha, matsalar na institutionalization na jam'iyyun damar musamman dokar tarayya "A jam'iyyun siyasa". A cewar shi jam'iyyar da aka kafa a hanyoyi biyu: ko dai da kafa majalisa da motsi canji (jama'a kungiyar).

A jihar shirya ayyuka na kasar wato hakkoki da wajibai, ayyuka, hallara a zaben, kudi ayyukan, dangantaka tare da hukumomin gwamnati, kasa da kasa da kuma akida aiki.

Hana bukatun: Rasha yanayi na jam'iyyar, yawan mambobin (fiye da 50 ths.), Non-akida, wadanda ba na addini, wadanda ba kasa yanayin da kungiyar.

Misali na jam'iyyun a cikin majalisar dokoki da aka bayar da ƙungiyoyi na zabe wakilai, a cikinsu (kasarun adadi).

The dokokin ma tsare da shari'a hali na jam'iyyun: administrative,} ungiyoyin, da tsarin mulki da kuma shari'a.

A institutionalization rikici

Bari mu juya zuwa tarihi. A institutionalization da rikici a matsayin zamantakewa sabon abu sami ta asalin a farkon kwanaki na jari hujja dangantakar. Tauye manoman na ƙasar ta manyan gonaki, da canji na da matsayi a al'umma a cikin proletarians, rikice-rikice kunno kai bourgeois aji, kuma ba ya so ya bar matsayi na nobility.

A cikin sharuddan tsari da rikici institutionalization - wani ƙuduri na biyu rikice-rikice: masana'antu da kuma siyasa. Rikici na karban ma'aikata da ma'aikatan da aka kayyade ta Confucius na gama yarjejeniyar tare da kungiyoyin kwadago, shan la'akari da bukatun da hayar ma'aikata. A rikici domin iko da jama'a da aka jiyar inji wahala.

Saboda haka, institutionalization da rikici ne mai aminci ga kayan aiki da zaman yarjejeniya da ma'aunan tsarin.

Jama'a ra'ayi da kuma ta institutionalization

Jama'a ra'ayi ne samfurin na hulda tsakanin daban-daban sassa na yawan jama'ar, jam'iyyun siyasa, zamantakewa cibiyoyin, zamantakewa cibiyoyin sadarwa da kuma kafofin watsa labaru. A muhimmancin ra'ayin jama'a ya ƙara muhimmanci godiya ga Internet, interactivity, flash mobs.

A institutionalization na ra'ayin jama'a ya halicci wani takamaiman shiri, karatu ra'ayin jama'a ratings na gyara, tsinkaya da sakamakon zaben. Wadannan kungiyoyi tattara, karatu data kasance da kuma samar da sabon ra'ayin jama'a. Ya kamata a gane cewa, irin wannan mai binciken ne sau da yawa son zuciya da kuma dogara ne a kan son zuciya samfurori.

Abin baƙin ciki, ginannun na yau da kullum da tattalin arziki ya tarwatsa yunkurin fahimtar manufar "institutionalization na ra'ayin jama'a." A wannan yanayin, shari'u da kuma buri na masu rinjaye na mutane ba su sãmi ganin a cikin real siyasa na jihar. Fi dacewa, tsakanin nufin mutane da kuma aiwatar da shi ya zama wani kai tsaye da kuma bayyana sadarwa ta hanyar majalisar. ~ Ar jami'an da ake bukata don bauta wa jama'a ra'ayi da sauri shan dole doka ayyukan.

Social aikin da institutionalization

A karshen XIX - farkon XX karni a Yammacin Turai al'umma saboda masana'antu da hannu a cikin zaman jama'a da samar da wani iri-iri na kungiyoyin tashi Institute of Social Work. Yana da aka yafi a kan zaman jama'a amfanin da kuma ma'aikatan agaji 'iyalansu. Yau zamantakewa aiki samu dabiu basira altruistic taimakon ba a saba da yanayin rayuwa ga mutane.

Social aikin, dangane da batun da aiwatar ne a jihar, jama'a da kuma gauraye. Hukumomin gwamnati hada da ma'aikatar Social Policy da ofisoshin lardi, gida ofisoshin, bauta da harkar disadvantaged mutane. Taimakon da aka bayar ga wasu membobin al'umma. Shi ne na yau da kullum, cikakken lokaci zamantakewa ma'aikata da za'ayi da kuma dogara ne a kan kasafin kudin. Jama'a kamar yadda son rai da zamantakewa aiki da aka yi da masu sa kai da kuma sau da yawa sababbu. Kamar yadda ba za ka iya kwatanta, da institutionalization na zaman jama'a aiki ne mafi tasiri a lokacin da gauraye bambance-bambancen, wanda cu] anya jihar da kuma jama'a da siffar.

Akayi na institutionalization daga cikin inuwa tattalin arzikin

Tsari poetapen institutionalization. Kuma duk da matakai na ta wucewa - misali. Da tushen wannan tsari da kuma a lokaci guda shi ne bukatar samar da wani dalilin da aiwatar da abin da yake wajibi ne don tsara ayyuka na mutane. Zo paradoxical hanya. Ka yi la'akari da institutionalization na saukarwa a cikin samuwar irin wannan mummunan institute a matsayin "inuwa tattalin arziki".

• Stage I - bayyanar bukatun. Disparate kudi ma'amaloli (kamar fitarwa na babban birnin kasar, cashing) na mutum tattalin arziki jamiái (tun da 90-ies. Karshe karni) sam wata fadi da kuma na din-din-din.
• II mataki - da samuwar musamman a raga da kuma bautar aiwatar akida. Dalilin iya zama, misali, za a tsara kamar haka: "The halittar tsarin tattalin arziki," ganuwa "domin Jihar Control. Samar da wani yanayi a cikin al'umma inda waɗanda suke a cikin ikon da hakkin ya permissiveness. "
• III mataki - halittar zamantakewa norms da kuma dokoki. Wadannan matsayin ake farko saita dokokin kasashen da "kusanci" na da ikon sarrafa mutane ( "Byzantine tsarin mulki"). Duk da haka, da "ba da yin" social dokokin suna tilasta kasuwanci abokai su "tafi a karkashin rufin" shege Tsarin zahiri wajen da daidaita aiki, batattu dokokin.
• Stage IV - bayyanar da misali fasali hade da dokoki. Alal misali, aikin na "kariya kasuwanci" m mutane da jami'an tsaro, da aiki da wata doka da murfin domin Mahara, cashing kudi karkashin ƙagagge kwangila, kafa a "kickbacks" kasafin kudin kudi tsarin.
• Stage V - da m aikace-aikace na dokoki da kuma ayyuka. A hankali ƙirƙirar inuwa tana mayar cibiyoyin ba su yi talla a cikin aikin hukuma latsa. Sun yi aiki tare da wasu abokan ciniki ci dogon lokaci. A kashi na hira a su ne kadan, sun samu nasarar gasa da hukuma kungiyoyin sabobin tuba. Wani Trend: inuwa la'ada, wanda nawa to 15-80%.
• Stage VI - halittar wani tsarin na takunkumi kare laifi tsarin. Matsayi jami'an gwamnati privatized babban birnin kasar domin kasuwanci da sabis. Su, wadannan jami'ai, da "dokokin", hukunta for "defamation", domin "halin kirki diyya". Sarrafawa da hannu yan-adam jikinsu da kuma haraji hukumomi suna canza kama zuwa masu zaman kansu "tawagar" m mutane.
• Stage VII - shadow tsaye iko. Jami'ai sun jũyar da levers mulki a cikin rayuwar su kasuwanci ayyukan. Ikon ma'aikatun da m ofishin ne a zahiri ware daga m ayyuka na mutane ta amfane shi. Alƙalai, da samar da manufofi na shiyya hukumomi da kuma shi ne "ciyar da sama" da shi.

Kan aiwatar da institutionalization, kamar yadda muka gani, shi ne na kowa da kowa cikin sharuddan da asali, saukarwa. Saboda haka, yana da muhimmanci cewa ya za a hõre sanyata kuma istinbadi zamantakewa da bukatun al'umma. Cibiyar da inuwa tattalin arzikin, worsening da ingancin rayuwa da talakawa 'yan ƙasa, za a shafe institute da bin doka da oda.

Ilimin halayyar da institutionalization

Ilimin halayyar nazarin al'umma kamar yadda wani hadadden hukumomi tsarin shan la'akari da zamantakewa cibiyoyin da kuma dangantakar dake tsakanin su, dangantakar da kuma al'umma. Ilimin halayyar nuna al'umma cikin sharuddan da ciki sunadaran da kuma muhimmancin su ci gaba, cikin hali na manyan kungiyoyin na mutane da kuma, a Bugu da kari, da hulda da mutum da kuma al'umma. Yana bayar da kuma ya yi bayani jigon al'amarin rayuwa da kuma hali na 'yan kasa, kazalika da tattara da kuma bincika farko sociological data.

Institutionalization na ilimin halayyar nuna ciki Jigon wannan kimiyya, zamantakewa ordering matakai da statuses da kuma matsayin, ta nufin tabbatar da harshen damo na al'umma. Saboda haka, akwai wani sabon abu: ilimin halayyar zaman kanta da dama a karkashin definition Cibiyar.

Matakai na raya ilimin halayyar

Da dama jinsin saukarwa a cikin ci gaban da ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a a matsayin wani sabon duniya na kimiyya.

• A mataki na farko na nufin 30-s na XIX karni, shi ne batun da kasafi da kuma Hanyar wannan kimiyya da Faransa Falsafa Auguste Comte.
• Na biyu - "aiki lokaci" na kimiyya terminology, da saye da m kwararru, kungiyar na kimiyya musayar aiki bayanai.
• Na uku - sakawa kansu a matsayin wani ɓangare na falsafar "sociologists".
• Fourth - halittar wani sociological makaranta da kuma kungiyar na farko kimiyya mujallar "Sociological Yearbook". The most abin yabo ne ga Faransa masanin kimiyya-sociologist Emile Durkheim a Sorbonne University. Duk da haka, baya ga wannan, na Sashen ilimin halayyar da aka bude a Jami'ar Columbia (1892)
• A karo na biyar mataki, wani irin "amincewar" da ke jihar, ya kasance da gabatarwar sociological fannoni a jihar sana'a rajista. Saboda haka, jama'a ta karshe gane ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a.

A cikin shekaru 60 da na American ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a samu gagarumin jari hujja zuba jari. A sakamakon haka, yawan American sociologists ya karu zuwa 20,000, da lakabi na wallafe na sociological periodicals - to 30. Science ya dauka da isasshen matsayinta a cikin al'umma.

A Soviet ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a da shi da aka farfado bayan da Oktoba juyin juya halin a 1968 - a Moscow Jami'ar Jihar. Soda sashen na sociological bincike. A 1974 ya zo na farko ambata, da kuma a 1980 a cikin sana'a littãfi na kasar shiga sociological sana'a.

Idan muka magana game da ci gaban da ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a a Rasha, shi da daraja ambata bude a shekarar 1989 a birnin Moscow Jami'ar Jihar Department of ilimin halayyar. Ya "ya ba da farko a rayuwa" 20 dubu sociologists.

Saboda haka, institutionalization - ne tsari a Rasha, wanda ya faru, amma tare da wani bata lokaci ba - dangane da Faransa da kuma Amurka - shẽkara ɗari.

ƙarshe

A yau jama'a shi aiki da yawa cibiyoyin, babu wani abu, kuma a zukatan mutane. Su ilimi, da institutionalization, shi ne wani mashahurin da harshen tsari. Rabu amfani cibiyoyin an maye gurbinsu da sababbi, generated da key na zamantakewa da bukatun: sadarwa, samar, rarraba, tsaro, rike zamantakewa daidaituwar, da kafa zaman iko.