Plutonium-238: samarwa a Rasha, photo, halaye, da aikace-aikace

Plutonium-238 - hadarin gaske musamman abu. Ana amfani da a yi na sarari abubuwa da halittar nukiliya ragargaza. A cikin masana'antu an samar kawai a nukiliya nukiliya. Kafin perestroika a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, da United States tsunduma a samar da isotopes a da karkararta.

Plutonium-238 samarwa ga Amurka

Don samar da plutonium-238, ya wajaba a gudanar da wani sosai lokaci-cinyewa kuma datti aiki. 150 kg na plutonium ya gama dukan 50 dubu a sharar gida kwantena. Shugaba Gorbachev zamanin rarrabe sadaukarwa. Perestroika Elite ya yanke shawarar ya ba daidai ba to zuriyar dabbobi ƙasa-American 'yan'uwa. Tun da 1988, da plutonium-238 samar kawai a Rasha.

A 1992, da samar da jam'iyya mai suna "Faro" ya sanya hannu a kwangilar da wadata da United States kamar yadda biyar kilo wani abu da aka sani da plutonium-238. Production a Rasha an located in m garin Ozersk, fi sani da Chelyabinsk-40. Riba daga wannan kwangila an kiyasta a game da miliyan 6. The adadin plutonium samar zai isa ya gudu daga 3 zuwa 6 da tauraron dan adam da makaman nukiliya shigarwa. Mutane da yawa masu bincike yi imani da cewa kusan duk irin gabatar da na America bayan rushewar tarayyar Soviet a can aka kawai samar a Rasha isotope.

Hadin gwiwa ko meanness?

A farkon karni na 20th akwai wani kananan, amma har yanzu gagarumin abin kunya. Gaskiyar cewa Amurka ta yi amfani da tauraron dan adam da makaman nukiliya shigarwa na leken asiri ga kasar Rasha. Su aka sanya a cikin wannan Rasha isotope. Duk da cewa, samar da plutonium-238 da aka ba tsaya, da kuma samar da Amurka ci gaba. Bugu da kari, a farkon 2003 tsakanin Rasha kamfanin "TENEX" da kuma American wakilin aka kamu da su samar da wannan isotope dioxide.

Duk da haka, da plutonium-238, wanda aka za'ayi a kan ƙasa na Rasha, bai gamsar da insatiable American ci. Bayan duk, States zai bukatar a fara da ci gaban makami mai linzami tsaro a sarari. Sai suka yanke shawarar sake fara samar da isotopes a.

Dalilai Amirka isotope samarwa

wajen samar da isotope shirin da aka tsara Amurka na shekaru 30, a lokacin da ya kamata ya nuna game da 158 kg na wannan hatsari abu. Dukansu Rasha da kuma kasashen waje kafofin watsa labarai ya biya da hankali ga gaskiyar cewa wannan ke faruwa a karon farko bayan ƙarshen Cold War tare da Amurka. Ko dai hanya, da farko na samar da dangantaka da yiwu soja aikace-aikace Amurka a matsanancin sarari. Yana ba ya ƙara natsuwa, kuma da cewa daga farkon samar a lokacin da isotope daidai da kaddamar da wani makami mai linzami tsaron ci gaba.

Qasashe daban-daban, daban-daban farashin

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa, a karkashin sharuddan da kwangila tare da Rasha kamfanin "TENEX" farashin daya kilogram na isotope ne $ 1 da miliyan. Duk da yake Amurka allocates sau ɗari fiye da a kan plutonium-238. Production a Rasha duk da wannan lokaci ya faru a jefar farashin - wannan wani m ƙarshe. A Rasha al'umma bayyana daban-daban, ra'ayin game da irin wannan "hadin gwiwa" da Amurka. Tarayya Agency for Atomic Energy yi imani da cewa wadannan tallace-tallace ne ta wata hanya m, kuma wajibi ne ga tattalin arziki. Haka kuma, Rasha za su iya sayar da plutonium-238 a cikin 32 a} asashen duniya. Abin da ya bayyana wannan bukatar, kuma me ya sa wannan isotope?

Plutonium-238: aikace-aikace

A gaskiya, wannan isotope ne byproduct na plutonium-239. Kuma ya, bi da bi, shi ne babban bangaren a cikin abun da ke ciki na makaman nukiliya. A wannan zamanin Cold War, wanda shi ne dalilin da sarari tseren, tare da wasu gefe shi ya sosai dadi. Alal misali, plutonium-239 samar a South Carolina ya gina makaman nukiliya ragargaza. Kuma shi da aka bai wa wani ta-samfurin domin samar da tauraron dan adam da kuma bincike. Da zarar wani manufacturer a South Carolina kira "Savannah River" An rufe, da Amurka suka fara sayen isotope a Rasha.

Plutonium-238 - wani manufa man fetur amfani ga sarari bincike. Its radiation ne rediyoaktif. Amma, yayin da a wani abu, da isotope ne in mun gwada lafiya. Alal misali, plutonium-238 ne sau da yawa a kewaye a cikin iridium granules. Su haske ja, kuma suka gabatar da wani yawa na zafi. Duk da yake iridium granules riƙe da mutunci da isotope yana da hadari. A granules aka sanya a cikin wani na musamman janareta da inganta hira zafi a cikin wutar lantarki. Ta hanyar wannan sarari da tauraron dan adam har yanzu binciko sarari bude sarari, saboda aiwatar da samar da wutar lantarki a cikin wannan hanya na iya wuce wa dukan shekarun da suka gabata.

Yau hannun jari na plutonium-238

A da yawa rahotanni, duniya reserves wannan abu ne hanzari ragewa. Kwanan nan a Amurka mujallar Nature buga wata kasida a karkashin abin da NASA yanzu bar kawai 35 kg isotope. Kuma kamar yadda wani da man fetur za a iya amfani, kawai rabin wannan jimla. The shirya tafiya zuwa Mars riga dauki 5 kg na PU-238. Rasha ne ma a halin yanzu ba ya sayar da wannan isotope. Zai yiwu mu, ma, ya ne yanã gudãna daga.

Catastrophic kasada a yin amfani da isotope

Ba da dadewa, da sojojin Amurka suka harbe saukar da wani sarari da tauraron dan adam. Mun yi wannan ostensibly su hana ta uncontrolled fall. A Pentagon ce cewa tauraron dan adam yin la'akari 5 ton na marmashe cikin uku dubu guda a kan tekun Pacific. Kowace daga cikin niƙaƙƙun a size ya wajen m tare da wani wasan kwallon kafa ball. A kan jirgin da tauraron dan adam kayan leken asiri da aka game da 500 kg hydrazine - propellant wanda yana da babban yawan guba. Kuma akwai wani adadin da isotope plutonium-238 - ainihin Figures ne ba Pentagon ya ce.

Barazana ga dukan 'yan adam

Amma a gaskiya, daya daga cikin mafiya hatsari barazana ga dukan duniya ne isotope plutonium-238. Halaye shi ne irin abin da kawai 450 grams wannan abu zai iya haifar da ciwon daji a cikin dukan mutane. A rabin-rai na plutonium-238 ne game da shekaru 90. To, abin da suke wadannan "ƙwallon ƙafa bukukuwa" zai zama dogon lokaci zuwa guba duniya da mazaunanta.

Duk da haka, wannan ne na farko ba a tarihin nukiliya hari daga m sarari. All Lokaci Space Research 49 da tauraron dan adam da aka kaddamar daga cikin makaman nukiliya da wurin. 36 daga cikinsu suna guje Rasha da Tarayyar Soviet, 13 - Amirka. Yanzu a sarari suKe a tsawon tsakanin 800 da 1,000 kilomita ne 50 da tauraron dan adam da makaman nukiliya, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa. Don barin babu zuriyar bil'adama a matsayin "gadon" nukiliya mutuwa, Ph.D. Hussein Chechenov kawo shawara don maye gurbin plutonium-238 kasa hatsari uranium-235.

A barazana, sa'a, haƙĩƙa, sun shige da Rasha

A cikin fall na 2016 riga tsammani fall na American tauraron dan adam da ake kira UARS, wanda, da farin ciki daidaituwa, ya tashi baya. Tsammani wasu abu fadowa kwanakin - na farko shi ne Satumba 17, sa'an nan - 23rd. A cikin labarai, ga abin da dalilai, shi bai ce yana da ba a zahiri ko da wani tauraron dan adam, amma a real nukiliya bam. Mafi m, wannan da aka yi don haka kamar yadda ba don yada tsoro tsakanin yawan jama'a. Bayan da tauraron dan adam mai cike plutonium-238. Hotuna da sarari abu da shawara cewa UARS size yi daidai da girman trolley.

A cewar NASA tsinkaya, sai da ya fada a tsakiyar Rasha. Idan ya faru da gaske, a cikin 'yan kwanaki game da 300 da dubu. Mutane a Moscow iya mutuwa daga huhu edema. UARS amma saboda wasu dalilai na zauna kuma ya fadi a kasa kawai a kan Satumba 24 faduwa a cikin teku kusa da Canada. PU-238 a cikin shi game da 30 kg. Canada ne ba karo na farko da ziyartar m sarari da tauraron dan adam. A karo na farko da gwamnatin gudanar kawo saukar gabatowa abu a kan tsarin kula da nahiyar, da kuma shi ma ya fāɗa a cikin teku.