Rock-kafa ma'adanai na igneous, sedimentary da metamorphic kankara

Mafi yawa daga cikin dutse-kafa ma'adinai ne daya daga cikin babban sharuddan na Duniya ta ɓawon burodi - dutsen. Mafi na kowa ma'adini, Mika, feldspar, amphibole, olivine, pyroxene da sauransu. Meteorites da Lunar kankara, ma, mulkin musu. Duk wani dutse-kafa ma'adinai nasa ne daya aji ko wani - ga babban, wanda shi ne fiye da goma cikin dari, na biyu - har zuwa goma cikin dari, m - kasa da kashi daya. Babban abu ne cewa akwai na asali, su silicates, sara, oxides, chlorides ko sulfates.

bambance-bambance

Rock-kafa ma'adinai iya zama haske (leucocratic, Salic), kamar ma'adini, feldspathoids, feldspars, da kuma kamar, da kuma wani duhu launi (melanocratic, mafic) kamar yadda olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite, da sauransu. Suna kuma bambanta da abun da ke ciki. Rock-kafa ma'adinai ne silica, carbonate ko halogen kankara. Paragenesis - mai hade da daban-daban, ma'ana sunan, da ake kira manyan. Alal misali, a hade tare da granites oligoclase, microcline da ma'adini.

A rukuni na dutse-kafa ma'adanai, wanda ba wurin dutsen a petrographic taxonomy - diagnostic ko symptomatic. Wannan ma'adini feldspathoids da olivine. Har ila yau rarrabe farko ma'adanai syngenetic kafa dukan irin da sakandare da ke faruwa a lokacin da hira da irin. Composing da babban dutse-kafa ma'adanai suna da sinadaran abubuwa kira petrogenic. Shin Yã, N, F, S, C, CL, MG, Fe, Na, Ca, Si, Al, K

Properties na ma'adanai

Crystal tsarin da kuma sinadaran abun da ke ciki an ƙaddara da kaddarorin duk ma'adanai. Ganewar asali ne da za'ayi amfani da dama hikimar tantance dabarun - na bincike, sunadarai, electron bincike da madubin likita, X-ray diffraction. A filin yi m protozoa (bincike) kaddarorin ma'adanai zalla gani da ido. Mafi yawansu ba su kasance jiki. Duk da haka, daidai definition of ma'adinai na bukatar wani dukan kewayon bincike hanyoyin. Wasu kaddarorin da daban-daban ma'adanai na iya zama iri ɗaya, yayin da wasu - ba.

Ya dogara da kasancewar inji impurities, da sinadaran abun da ke ciki da kuma siffar selection. Quite wuya babban Properties ne don haka halayyar, da cewa yana yiwuwa a daidai gane asali wani dutsen dutse. Bincike Properties kasu kashi uku kungiyoyin. Tantancewar kuma inji kaddarorin da kungiyar godiya ga su ba da damar tabbatar da dalilin da kaddarorin ga kowane dutse guda. Na uku kungiyar - sauran, tare da kaddarorin da amfani ga ganewar asali musamman wasu ma'adanai.

Monomineral da polymineral irin

Rocks duwatsu - wani halitta ma'adinai taru na taro, rufe surface na Duniya, da shan kashi a gina ta haushi. A nan, kamar yadda aka ce, ya shafi gaba daya daban-daban a cikin sinadaran abun da ke ciki na abu. Wadanda kankara, wanda abun da ke ciki - daya guda ma'adinai kira monomineral, da kuma duk sauran kunshi nau'i biyu daga duwatsu, kuma mafi - multimineral. Alal misali, farar ƙasa - calcite gaba ɗaya, saboda haka, ya monominerals. Amma dutse - bambancin. Sun hada da duka biyu ma'adini da Mica, kuma feldspar, kuma haka yafi daban-daban.

Mono- da multimineral dogara a kan wanda ma'aunan kasa matakai da suka faru a yankin. Za ka iya daukar wani dutsen dutse, da kuma ayyana daidai yankin, har ma da sosai inda aka dauka. Sun yi kama da juna, kuma a lokaci guda shi ne kusan ba guda. Wadannan su ne duk karatu kankara. Duwatsu yawa duk duba guda, amma su sinadaran Properties aka kafa ta daban-daban tafiyar matakai.

asalin

Bisa ga yanayi a wanda da samuwar duwatsu, rarrabe sedimentary, metamorphic da igneous kankara. Domin igneous kankara hada da daya da aka kafa daga bullowan magma. Red-zafi, zubi dutse, sanyaya sauka, ya juya a cikin wani m crystal taro. Wannan tsari da ke a cikin kwanakin nan namu.

A zubi magma babbar dama sinadaran mahadi da cewa suna da cutar ta high matsa lamba da kuma yawan zafin jiki, duk da cewa da yawa daga cikin mahadi a cikin gaseous jihar. A matsa lamba tilasta da magma zuwa surface ko kusa da shi ya yi daidai da ya fara kwantar. A mafi zafi ne rasa, da mafi kusantar da taro crystallizes. kayyade crystallization kudi da kuma crystal size. A surface na sanyaya tsari ne sauri, da gas ƙafe, don haka lafiya-grained dutsen da aka samu, da kuma a cikin zurfin an kafa manyan lu'ulu'u.

Effusive da kuma zurfin crystalline kankara

Daskarar magma da aka raba biyu a babban siffofin da cewa ba da sunan na rukuni. By magmatic kankara da dangantaka effusive kungiyar, Ina nufin extrusive da intrusive kungiyar - zurfin crystallization. Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, da sanyaya magma a daban-daban yanayin, sabili da haka samun daban-daban dutse-kafa ma'adinai. Izlivshayasya volatilization gas wadãtar da wasu sinadaran mahadi da sauran zama poorer. Kananan lu'ulu'u an samu. A cikin zurfin magma sinadaran mahadi ba sabon, zafi ne rasa sannu a hankali, don haka da lu'ulu'u ne a cikin tsarin manyan.

Effusive kankara ne andesites da basalts, kusan rabin su, rarer Lipari duk wasu duwatsu a cikin ƙasa ta ɓawon burodi ne kaɗan. Deep kafa mafi yawa porphyry da dutse, su ne ashirin sau fiye da dukan sauran mutane. Primary igneous kankara dangane da abun da ke ciki na ma'adini kasu kashi biyar kungiyoyin. Crystalline kankara hada da mai yawa impurities, daga abin da ya kamata a lura da dama micro- da ultramicroelements da wanda ɓawon burodi cover kowane irin shuke-shuke.

magma

Magma ƙunshi kusan dukan lokaci-lokaci tebur mamaye Ti, Na, MG, K, Fe, Ca, Si, Al, kuma da dama maras tabbas aka gyara - chloro, fluoro, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, carbon da oxides da sauransu, da ruwa a cikin nau'i na tururi. Lokacin da magma ne motsi har zuwa surface, muhimmanci rage yawan mutãnen ƙarshe. A sanyaya magma silicate siffofin - mai ma'adinai cewa wakiltar daban-daban silica mahadi. Silicates kira duk irin shirin ma'adanai - salts da silicic acid. Aluminosilicates dauke da salts aluminosilicate acid.

Basalt magma main, shi yana da widest rarraba da rabin kunshi silica, da sauran hamsin cikin dari - shi ne magnesium, iron, alli, aluminum (muhimmanci), phosphorus, titanium, potassium, sodium (m). Basaltic magma kasu kashi oversaturated da silica - tholeiitic da olivine-arziki basalt alkalis. Granitic magma - m, rhyolite, silica a cikinsa ko da more, har zuwa sittin bisa dari, amma da yawa ne mafi danko sosai, kasa agile da kuma nauyi tare da cikakken gas. Wani adadin magma ne kullum gwamnatin ƙarƙashin rinjayar sunadarai matakai.

silicates

Wannan shi ne mafi tartsatsi aji na halitta ma'adanai - fiye da saba'in da biyar bisa dari na da taro na duniya a ɓawon burodi, kazalika da uku na dukan da aka sani ma'adanai. Mafi yawan su - da dutse-kafa da kuma magmatic da metamorphic asalin. Silicates an hada da sedimentary kankara, da kuma wasu daga cikinsu ta bauta wa namiji Jewels Ore ga samun karfe (iron silicate, misali) da kuma ake samar da ma'adanai.

Bã su da wani hadadden tsarin da kuma sinadaran abun da ke ciki. Tsarin Grid halin gaban ionic kungiyoyin tetravalent Sio ₄ - biyu tetraerd. Silicates ne tsibirin, zobe, da sarkar, bel, takardar (yadudduka), gawa. Wannan rabuwa shi ne dogara a kan hade da silicon tetraerdov.

rarrabuwa na kankara

Modern taxonomy a cikin wannan yanki ya fara a karni na sha tara da ashirin tsiwirwirinsu babban ci gaba a matsayin kimiyya na petrography, petrology. A shekarar 1962 ya aka halicci Petrographic kwamitin Tarayyar Soviet. Yanzu hukumar da yake a cikin Moscow IGEM.

A mataki na sakandare canji volcanic kankara bambanta duka biyu kaynotipnye - matasa, bai canza, kuma palaeotypal - haihuwa, wanda aka recrystallized tare da nassi na lokaci. Wannan volcanic kankara, clastic, wanda aka kafa a lokacin da shigowa da kuma kunshi piroklastitov (da wani ɓaɓɓake). Chemical rarrabuwa yakan haifar da rabo a cikin kungiyoyin dangane da abun ciki na silica. Igneous kankara a abun da ke ciki na iya zama ultrabasic, asali, na biyu, acid da matsananci-acid.

Batholiths da hannun jari

Manya-manyan, sababbu siffa talakawa da intrusive kankara ake kira batholiths. A fannin wadannan tsarin za a iya kiyasta mutane da yawa dubban murabba'in kilomita. Wannan shi ne tsakiyar ɓangare na folded duwãtsu, inda batholiths mika wa dutsen duka tsarin. Hada da m-grained dutse tare da growths, matakai da protrusions, kafa daga gabatarwar granitic magma.

The sanda yana mai madauwari ko elliptical giciye-bangaranci siffar. Su ne karami a size batholith - yawanci kadan kasa da wani mutum ɗari murabba'in kilomita wani lokacin - ɗari biyu, amma sauran da kaddarorin ne irin wannan. Mutane da yawa sanduna protrude daga nauyi na batholith-kamar Dome. Su ganuwar suna steeply dipping, sababbu contours.

Laccoliths, etmolity, lopolith, dikes

Naman kaza ko Dome-dimbin yawa samuwar kafa ta danko sosai magmas, kira laccoliths. Akwai sau da yawa kungiyoyin. Su ne a cikin kananan size - har zuwa dama kilomita a diamita. Laccoliths irin, girma karkashin matsin da magma dauke ba tare da keta layering na ɓawon burodi. The sosai kama da namomin kaza. Etmolity akasin haka, da mazurari-dimbin yawa, na bakin ciki part saukar. A fili, kunkuntar bude bauta amfanin ƙasa magma.

Lopolith ne saucer-dimbin yawa jiki, bulging saukar da tashe gefuna. Su ma, jũna a girma daga ƙasa, ba tare da damun ƙasa ta surface, da kuma kamar mikewa shi. Da kankara zai jima ko daga baya fasa bayyana - domin daban-daban dalilai. Magma ji kasawan da kuma matsa lamba fara cika a duk gibba da kuma fasa, a lokaci guda mamaye da kewaye dutse a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da babban yanayin zafi. Kamar wancan kafa dikes. Su ne kananan - fadin daga rabin mita to dama da ɗari mita, amma ko da shida kilomita ba ya wuce iyaka. Kamar yadda magma cools saukar a fasa sauri dikes ko da yaushe lafiya-grained tsarin. Idan duwãtsu aka gani kunkuntar ridges - dutse - wannan shi ne m, dikes, saboda su ne mafi resistant to yashewa fiye da kewaye dutse.