Allotropic gyare-gyare

Allotrope nufin da ikon da kwayoyin halitta na kashi don samar daban-daban na sauki abubuwa. Saboda haka kafa mahadi daban-daban daga juna.

Allotropic gyare-gyare ne barga. A gaba da matsa lamba yanayi, a wani zazzabi, wadannan abubuwa za su iya matsawa kadai a cikin sauran.

Allotropic gyare-gyare za a iya kafa na kwayoyin ciwon daban-daban yawan kwayoyin halitta. Alal misali, kashi oxygen siffofin lemar sararin samaniya (O3) da kuma ainihin abu oxygen (O2).

Allotropic gyare-gyare iya zama daskararru da ciwon daban-daban crystal tsarin. Irin wannan mahadi hada da, misali, lu'u-lu'u da kuma graphite. Wadannan abubuwa - carbon allotropic gyara. Wannan sinadari na iya samar da wata biyar sauki abubuwa: hexagonal da cubic lu'u-lu'u, graphite, carbyne (biyu) kamarku.

Kyakkyawan lu'u-lu'u samu a meteorites da kuma shirya a dakin gwaje-gwaje da shafe tsawon dumama ƙarƙashin rinjayar da wani sosai high matsa lamba.

Diamond aka sani, shi ne mafi wuya dukkan abubuwa da zama a yanayi. Yana shafi lokacin hakowa dutsen da kuma yankan gilashi. Diamond ne m colorless crystalline abu wanda yana da babban svetoprelomlyaemostyu. Diamond lu'ulu'u da fuska-tsakiya cubic raga. Rabin crystal atoms located a cibiyoyin gefuna da vertices na shigen sukari, da kuma sauran rabin na atoms - a cibiyoyin fuskoki da vertices na wani shigen sukari, wanda aka biya diyya dangi da farko shugabanci na sarari diagonal. Tetrahedral kwayoyin halitta ya samar da wata uku-girma Grid a cikin abin da suka yi covalent bond.

Dukkan yan abubuwa ne kawai a lu'u-lu'u ne yanzu matsakaicin yawan sunadaran, wanda aka zubar sosai densely. Saboda haka, fili ne sosai karfi da kuma m. M bond a carbon tetrahedra samar high sunadarai juriya. A lu'u-lu'u iya shafar kawai sunadarin flourine ko oxygen a zazzabi na takwas digiri.

Ba tare da samun damar zuwa iska karkashin karfi da dumama da lu'u-lu'u ne sāke zuwa graphite. Wannan abu da aka wakilta lu'ulu'u na duhu launin toka launi. Graphite yana da wani suma ƙarfe Sheen. A touch of wani m abu. Graphite ne barga zafi, yana mai gwada high thermal da lantarki watsin. The abu amfani a yi na pencils.

Carbyne shirya synthetically. Wannan m baki tare da wani idon yayi kamar gilashi luster. Ba tare da samun damar zuwa iska karkashin dumama carbyne tuba zuwa graphite.

Akwai daya more nau'i na carbon - amorphous carbon. Wannan unordered tsarin da aka samu ta hanyar dumama carbon-dauke da mahadi. Manyan kwal da ake samu a cikin daji. A wannan yanayin, da abu yana da dama iri. Coal za a iya wakilta a cikin nau'i na toka, kashi char, ko coke.

Kamar yadda riga ya nuna, daya allotropic gyara daga cikin kashi ne halin da daban-daban interatomic tsarin. Bugu da ƙari kuma, an albarkace su da daban-daban da kuma sinadaran jiki Properties.

Sulfur ne a kara kashi iya allotropes. Wannan abu da ake amfani da mutum tun lokacin da. Akwai daban-daban allotropic gyare-gyare na sulfur. A mafi mashahuri ne rhombic. An wakilta wani rawaya m. Rhombic sulfur ba wetted da ruwa (floats). Wannan dukiyar da ake amfani a cikin hakar daga cikin abu. Rhombic sulfur ne narkewa a cikin kwayoyin kaushi. The abu yana da matalauta lantarki da kuma thermal watsin.

Bugu da ƙari, akwai roba da kuma monoclinic sulfur. Na farko shi ne da launin ruwan kasa amorphous (roba-kamar) salla. An kafa, idan ruwan sanyi zuba zubi sulfur. Monoclinic wakilta a matsayin duhu rawaya needles. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar yanayi (ko m zuwa) biyu daga cikin wadannan gyare-gyare da zazzabi wuce a cikin rhombic sulfur.