Ginshikai na abin da ya faru na adaptations zuwa mazauninsu na dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke

A tsarin juyin halitta ya shafi m updates, da ya faru na amfani fasali, da kuma su (Abubakar) a jikin halittu masu rai. Kuma wadannan canje-canje ba dole ba ne ya afku a kayyade matakin. Very muhimmanci idioadaptation - adaptations dabbobi, tsirrai da micro-kwayoyin ga takamaiman muhalli da yanayi, muhalli da dalilai, da kuma jiki halaye na yankin.

Ginshikai na abin da ya faru na na'urorin - mai zurfi tsarin juyin halitta, forming da ake so halaye tare da nassi na lokaci, sannu-sannu. Kayyade da zama dole halaye a cikin genome halittu masu rai a bayyana a nan gaba.

Karbuwa, ko karbuwa daga kwayoyin

Sau da yawa sosai za ka iya sami jikin kayan lambu, ko dabba asalin, wanda yana da wasu sabon abu fasalin a cikin tsarin, hali ko bayyanar. Alal misali, tsaya kwari, wanda zahiri ba daban-daban daga cikin rassan itace. Ko tashi-hoverfly, wanda yana daidai da wannan launi, kamar zanzaro. Daga cikin shuke-shuke misalai ne tolstostebelnye fleshy murtsunguwa, stilted kuma m Tushen, tushen-props.

A cikin wani hali, duk da wannan - da karbuwa ga mazauninsu, muhalli da yanayi ko su kare kansu daga sauran halittu. Irin mamaki suna da muhimmanci sosai, saboda suna da muhimmanci, saukarwa a cikin tsarin juyin halitta. Ginshikai na abin da ya faru na na'urorin ko da yaushe yana ta da asali a cikin kwayoyin samfurin kuma yana da muhimmanci, kuma dole fastening genes shigar da magana da wani hali. Alal misali, gene da alhakin canji na launi hawainiya, kafa a genome na wadannan dabbobi dubban shekaru da suka wuce, kuma har yanzu mika saukar zuwa duk gaba zamaninsu.

shuka karbuwa: wani janar Siffar

Adaptations na tsire-tsire ne wani ɓangare daga rayuwarsu. Dukan su za a iya raba da dama babban kungiyoyin.

1. By da zazzabi yanayi na muhalli.
2. zafi.
3. Hanyar pollination.
4. By da amfani da abinci.

Ginshikai na abin da ya faru da na'urorin hadu da dukan wannan kayan yau da kullum - juyin canje-canje da clamping da kuma canja wurin gaji zama dole a karkashin takamaiman yanayi fasali. Saboda haka, idan wata shuka da aka saba da ƙasa, muhalli da yanayi, da yawan zafin jiki, duk da gaba, shi zai ba duk dole siffofin ga wani dadi zama.

Shuke-shuke a bushe yanayi

A zazzabi, wanda aka mamaye ma high dabi'u da kuma constants rana kwanaki, da shuke-shuke da na'urorin sun furta da nufin rage danshi evaporation. Har ila yau, ceton nauyi da kuma gina jiki tare da mamaye ruwa a cikin kara.

Domin wannan leafy faranti an rage zuwa m ko gaba daya modified. A mafi misali ne hamada shuke-shuke - cacti. M yanayi na zama a karkashin mai tsanani zafi rana sanya ganyen wadannan shuke-shuke maida su prickly needles kuma mai tushe - a wani lokacin farin ciki fleshy kara, cike da parenchymal sel (tushe zane) da manyan yawan mamaye da kuma free ruwa.

Ginshikai na abin da ya faru na murtsunguwa adaptations sosai a fili ya nuna yadda kere iya dasa a cikin su adaptations. Saboda ƙaya shuka ba ƙafe da ruwa daga leaf surface, ya kuma inganta, shi ceton mai girma adadin. Bayan haka, a kara, a karkashin wani modified m fleshy kara, akwai wani jari na wani yawan abubuwa, ruwa riƙewa. Alal misali, tara:

• hydrophilic sunadarai na gina jiki.
• proline (amino acid, ruwa riƙewa).
• monosaccharides da daban-daban Organic acid.

Har ila yau, tsarin ba da abin da ya faru murtsunguwa na'urorin hada da samar da hormonal yanayin mahadi wanda kassara mataki na ci gaba hormone (gibberellins, auxins). Wannan damar da tsire-tsire su yi girma da sauri zuwa dakatar a kan abin da ya faru na m yanayi, zaunanniya lokaci mai tsawo.

Karbuwa a daban-daban na pollination

Wani karin misali da karbuwa a tsire-tsire ne da ikon daidaita zuwa hure. Alal misali, iska-pollinated tsaba siffofin ne bushe da haske, cewa kawai zai dissipate ko ba karfi iska ƙungiyoyi.

Idan shuka Entomophilous, shi samar da furanni da wani launi da tsarin:

• haske a canza launin;
• manyan ko tattara a manyan inflorescences.
• tare da wani karfi m kamshi.

A tsarin da flower kuma za a iya Fitted karkashin pollinator. Akwai shuke-shuke pollinated tsananin wasu irin tsuntsaye, ko kwari.

Cross-pollinated ko kai-pollinated shuke-shuke a cikin flower tsarin da dogon stamens da pistil warai dasa pollen kai stigma. Kowace daga cikin wadannan kayan aikin taka muhimmiyar rawa a haifuwa da kuma gadar hali ma kulla a genome.

wuce kima danshi yanayi na shuka

A wurare masu zafi da kuma subtropical habitats ne sau da yawa sabon abu na wuce kima zafi. An sani cewa a wasu yankunan na wurare masu zafi dai ruwan zai iya shiga fiye da wata daya. Hakika, irin wannan wuce haddi na ruwa ne sosai cutarwa ga shuke-shuke. Saboda haka, wasu jinsuna sun kafa wasu karbuwa ga rage girman da tasiri na wannan yanayi. Yana gidatody - ruwa estuary, kara adadin ruwa excreted da shuka. Ta bar m saukad. Wannan sabon abu ne da ake kira Guttation.

Har ila yau na'urorin laima da tsire-tsire masu manyan leafy farantin da wani babbar dama stomata. Haka kuma, transpiration kuma inganta.

Ginshikai na abin da ya faru na na'urorin a dabbobi

Fauna tilasta ba kawai don daidaita da muhalli da yanayi, amma kuma su kare kansu daga hare-haren da karfi mutane, da abin da suka - da abinci. Wannan ya haifar da samuwar dama iri adaptations a dabbobi:

• canje-canje a cikin jiki da kuma siffar reshe, ulu (fata, alkalami) rufe.
• m saka launi;
• mimesis (kwaikwayo na wani kare da kuma kawo hadari dabbobi).
• kakkanadan canza launi;
• m hali.

A daukan hankali misali na na'urorin da canza siffar jiki, da wata gabar jiki da kuma inuwõyi ne tsuntsãye (gashinsa, keel, haske kwarangwal streamlined jiki siffar). Har ila yau, na cikin ruwa dabbobi masu shayarwa da kuma kifi da cewa suna da ƙege da wutsiyoyi, m surface, da rashin karfi da gashi. Amma su ne ba iska kumfa, a kaikaice line (a cikin kifi), webbed feet (waterfowl), flippers (marine dabbobi masu shayarwa).

M saka launi gani a dabbobin da yawa, duka biyu terrestrial da kuma na cikin ruwa. Alal misali, kore fara ne kawai, boye a cikin ciyawa, teku allura boye kansu a algae. Hawainiya asu (sanda matafila) Calim (malam simulating leaf), mottled partridges, fari da kuma m launi da tsuntsaye da yawa wasu misalai na nuna na'urar a dabbobi.

Mimicry, shi ne wani kwaikwayo domin su kare kansu daga ana ci abinci da kuma kai hari halayyar, misali, kwari, hoverflies (yayi kama da zanzaro), wasu jinsunan macizai, macizai masu zafin dafi kwashe da sauransu.

Kakkanadan canza launi kwari da dabbobi ne da nufin a gaskiya gargadi inedibility jinsunan, ta virulence. Misalai ne macizai masu zafin dafi, wasps, ƙudan zuma, bumble ƙudan zuma, ladybugs da kuma sauran wakilan. Wannan shi ne matukar kowa na'urar a dabbobi.

M hali - abin raini, growling, otprygivanie ajiye, deflation na nazarin halittu ruwaye (tawada dorinar ruwa da kuma squid, skunks). Yana kuma iya hada wasu siffofin da suke a cikin sanyi kakar form garkunan tumaki don sauƙaƙe samun abinci.

Dukkan wadannan na'urorin da ake kafa na evolutionarily da genetically kafa inji for ilimi.

Karbuwa na iyakacin duniya Bears

Ginshikai na abin da ya faru na iyakacin duniya bear adaptations kafa a wani musamman sanyi mazauninsu. Ya karbuwa da aka directed a tsare da dumi da kuma samar da abinci. Wadannan sun hada da:

• patronizing fari canza launi (masking).
• wani lokacin farin ciki Layer subcutaneous mai, wanda ke taka wata rawa dual: rufi da kuma taimako jiki nauyi a lokacin yin iyo da kuma ruwa.
• m m da dumi Jawo rufe dukan surface na jiki.

Saboda su na iyakacin duniya bear adaptations ba zai iya zama ji tsoron ko da ga mafi tsananin sanyi weather. A farin launi yale shi ya zare jiki Sneak up ga wutan lantarki - like.

Adaptations na karkashin kasa da dabbobi masu shayarwa

Mafi shahararren wakilin ne, ba shakka, mole da kuma dukan 'yan'uwansa (zokor, mole berayen, da sauransu). Saboda haka, a cikin misali, ka yi la'akari karbuwa. Ginshikai na aukuwa mole na'urorin da alaka da karkashin kasa da mazauninsu bã tãre da wani muhimmanci abiotic dalilai: da haske isasshen danshi, zafi. Saboda haka karbuwa daga cikin dabba kamar haka:

• m digging wata gabar jiki.
• rashin hangen nesa.
• lokacin farin ciki Layer subcutaneous mai;
• santsi da kuma kankan baki ulu.
• streamlined jiki siffar.

Karbuwa daga manyan hamada dabbobi

Don wadanda da farko hada da raƙuma, da daban-daban iri iri. Ginshikai na abin da ya faru na raƙumi da na'urorin kafa a wani rashin danshi da kuma high yanayin zafi. Karbuwa daga cikin wadannan yanayi:

• A gaban ƙarfe ya ɗauke wuce haddi salts a jiki;
• low potootvedenie.
• da ikon na dogon lokaci jin yunwa, rasa nauyi da daya bisa uku.
• Musamman fasali na narkewa da metabolism.
• gaban humps, cike da mai-adanar mamaye ruwa.
• m jikewa na ruwa zuwa cika ciki reserves.

Duk wadannan adaptations yi raƙuma bari yanayi, shi ne dadi da kuma dace da rayuwar.