Tsire-tsire sashen "gymnosperms": ãyõyi, tsarin fasali, misalai

Tsire-tsire wasa mai da muhimmanci sosai rawar a cikin yanayi, kamar yadda su iya photosynthesis. Wannan shi ne tsarin inda shuka daga carbon dioxide, ruwa da kuma hasken rana obtains wani gina jiki da kuma fitarda oxygen. Saboda haka, yana godiya ga shuke-shuke, a duniya zai iya zama dabbobi da mu tare da ku.

rarrabuwa na shuke-shuke

Duk da mulkin shuke-shuke ne zuwa kashi goma sassan:

• Kelp.
• Green algae.
• Blue-kore algae.
• Red algae.
• Yada Moss iyali.
• Fern.
• Horsetail.
• Lycopsids.
• Angiosperms.
• Gymnosperms.

Daga cikin wadannan tsire-tsire ne kungiyoyin biyu za a iya bambanta dangane da tsarin da:

• m.
• mafi girma.

Don sun hada da duk ƙananan ƙungiyoyin algae, tun da sun rasa bambantawa na kyallen takarda. The jiki yana da wani gabobin. Yana 's kira thallus.

Higher shuke-shuke, dangane da hanyar da haifuwa za a iya raba:

• spore.
• iri.

By da spore ne fern, lycopsids, yada Moss, horsetail.

Don iri daraja sassan gymnosperms da angiosperms.

Game da gymnosperms, za mu yi magana a more daki-daki a cikin wannan labarin.

rarrabuwa na gymnosperms

Next taxon cewa tsaye daga a dukkan sassa na mulkin, "Tsire-tsire" - a aji. Gymnosperms kasu kashi hudu azuzuwan:

1. Gnetalians.
2. Ginkgo.
3. Sagovnikovye (cycads).
4. Conifers.

'Wakilai da siffofin kowace aji za mu tattauna daga baya. Yanzu, da na kowa siffofin dukkan gymnosperms, su Physiology da kuma ilmin halitta za a dauke.

Gymnosperms: tsarin da shuke-shuke

Wannan sashen yana nufin mafi girma shuke-shuke. Wannan yana nufin cewa su jiki kunshi gabobin, wanda aka gina daga daban-daban na yadudduka.

Gawan gymnosperms

Ya danganta da wurin da jikinsu, su za a iya raba surface da kuma karkashin kasa. Ba su aiki da tsarin, za mu iya rarrabe vegetative da generative gabobin.

Vegetative gabobin: sifa da aiki

Wannan rukuni na jikinsu, shi ne wani boye tushen tsarin da ƙasa mafaka.

A tushen tsarin kunshi yawa Tushen, ciki har da daya maigida da yawa a kaikaice tushen za a iya gano. Bugu da ƙari kuma, da shuka iya mallaka ƙarin kuma rootlets.

Akidar yana da irin wannan ayyuka:

• Kullawa da shuka a cikin ƙasa.
• A sha na ruwa tare da narkar da micro-da Macro.
• Sufuri ta ruwa da kuma narkar da ma'adanai zuwa ƙasar hukumomi.
• Wani lokaci - da ajiya na gina jiki.

Tserewa - shi ne ma wani tsarin na jikinsu. Ya kunshi kara, ganye da kuma buds.

tserewa sashin jiki aiki:

• Kara: goyon baya da kuma kai aiki, samar da wata mahada tsakanin tushen da kuma ganye.
• Bar: photosynthesis, numfashi, gas musayar, zazzabi tsari.
• Kodan suna da sabon harbe suna kafa.

Gymnosperms da angiosperms da wannan vegetative gabobin, amma generative gabobin su ne daban-daban.

Generative gabobin da gymnosperms

Generative gabobin - su ne waxanda samar da haifuwa da kwayoyin. A angiosperms wannan - a flower. Amma shuka da sashen "gymnosperms" kagaggun mallaki generative gabobin, kamar bumps. A mafi daukan hankali na gani misalai ne spruce kuma Pine Cones.

A tsarin da Cones

Yana da wani modified harbe, an rufe shi da ma'auni. Akwai namiji da mace Cones, wanda aka kafa ta namiji da mace jima'i sel (gametes), bi da bi.

Namiji da mace Pine Cones za a iya gani a cikin hoto a kasa a matsayin misali.

Akwai wakilai daga gymnosperms, a cikin abin da biyu namiji da mace tsire-tsire ne a kan daya shuka. Suna da ake kira monoecious. Har ila yau, akwai iri guda ba gymnosperms. Suna da namiji da mace Cones ne a daban-daban siffofin. Duk da haka, da shuka sashen "gymnosperms" kagaggun monoecious.

A kan Sikeli na mace Cones suna located on biyu ovules, wanda aka kafa mace gametes - kwai.

A kan Sikeli na namiji Cones ne pollen bags. Sun kafa hirtsinta, wanda yana dauke da maniyyi - da ɗa namiji Kwayoyin.

Lokacin da muka duba tsarin da gymnosperms, magana game da haifuwa.

Kamar yadda na Pine Cones tsiro

gymnosperms haifuwa auku via tsaba. Su, sabanin da tsaba flowering shuke-shuke, ba su kewaye da 'ya'yan itace.

Gymnosperms haifuwa ta fara da cewa shuke-shuke a cikin wani lokaci na koda dimbin yawa modified harbe - namiji da mace Cones. Kusa da su kuma kafa pollen da kwai bi da bi.

Pollination mace Cones zo daga iska.

Bayan hadi na ovules, wanda aka located a kan Sikeli na mace Cones, tsaba ci gaba. Daga cikin wadannan, sa'an nan sabon wakilan gymnosperms suna kafa.

Daga abin da kyallen takarda an hada jikinsu?

Tsire-tsire sashen "gymnosperms" kazalika da dukan saman, ya tashi daga daban-daban kyallen takarda.

Akwai wasu iri shuka kyallen takarda:

• Shafi. Wadannan yadudduka yi wani m aiki. Sun kasu kashi da epidermis, abin toshe kwalaba da kuma toshe kwalaba. A epidermis maida hankali ne akan dukan sassa na shuke-shuke. Yana yana da stomata for gas musayar. Yana iya ma za a mai rufi da wani ƙarin m Layer na kakin zuma. A toshe aka kafa a kan akwati, Tushen, twigs da toho Sikeli. Cork - shi ne rufe masana'anta da aka hada da matattu Kwayoyin tare da woody harsashi. Ya kunshi haushi na gymnosperms.
• Inji. Wannan masana'anta na samar da wani zangarniya ƙarfi. An raba collenchyma da sclerenchyma. A farko wakilci rayayyun tantani da lokacin farin ciki bawo. Sclerenchyma aka hada da matattu Kwayoyin tare da woody harsashi. Inji zaruruwa kunshe a cikin conductive kyallen takarda dauke a cikin mai tushe gymnosperms.
• Babban masana'anta. Wannan shi ne tushen dukkan gabobin. A mafi muhimmanci na tamkar nama - assimilation. Shi ne tushen da ganye. Kwayoyin na wannan nama ne babban adadin chloroplast. Ga kuma photosynthesis faruwa. Har ila yau, a cikin rãyuwar gymnosperms gabobin kamar irin tushe masana'anta kara haja. Yana tãra gina jiki guduro, da dai sauransu.
• Conductive masana'anta. Raba cikin xylem da phloem. Xylem ma kira itace da phloem - Duk da haka dai. Suna located a cikin akwati da kuma rassan da shuka. Xylem jirgin ruwa kunshi gymnosperms. Yana bayar da kai na ruwa tare da narkar da abubuwa daga tushen zuwa ganye. Phloem gymnosperms jinsunan wakilta sieve shambura. Lub an tsara domin kai na abubuwa daga ganye zuwa tushen.
• Educational masana'anta. Daga cikin wadannan, duk sauran nama a kafa gymnosperms, daga abin da duk gabobin da ake gina. Sun kasu kashi apical, a kaikaice da intercalary. Apical located a saman shoot, kazalika a tip na tushen. Side ilimi masana'anta kuma ake kira da cambium. An located a cikin akwati na itace tsakanin itace da Bast. Intercalary ilimi masana'anta ne interstices a gindi. Akwai kuma ilimi rauni nama cewa faruwa a shafin na lalacewa.

Saboda haka za mu dubi tsarin da gymnosperms. Mu yanzu juya zuwa wakilainsu.

Gymnosperms: misalai

Kamar yadda muka riga ya san yadda za a yi a shuka na sashen, bari mu dubi su bambancin. Next za a iya bayyana a cikin wakilan daban-daban azuzuwan, wanda suke kunshe a "Gymnosperms" sashen.

Class "Gnetova"

Sashen Tsire-tsire "gymnosperms" aji "Gnetova" ya kasu kashi uku iyalai

1. Family "Velvichievye".
2. Family "Gnetova".
3. Family "Hvoynikovye".

Bari mu dubi mafi shahararren wakilan da uku kungiyoyin na shuke-shuke.

Saboda haka Welwitschia ban mamaki. Shi ne kawai memba na iyali velvichievyh. Wannan wakilin gymnosperms girma a cikin Namib Desert, da kuma sauran hamadar ta Kudu Afrika ta Yamma. A shuka yana da gajeren amma m akwati. Tsayinsa ne 0.5 m da diamita ne 1.2 m. Tunda wannan irin rayuwa a jeji, yana da dogon babban tushen, wanda shi ne 3 zurfin mita. A ganye da girma daga gangar jikin Welwitschia - shi ne mu'ujiza. Ya bambanta da ganyen sauran shuke-shuke, a duniya, za su taba fada kashe. Suna kullum girma a tushe, amma lokaci-lokaci mutu a karshen. Kullum Ana ɗaukaka haka da cewa wadannan ganye suna zaune kamar yadda na Welwitschia kanta (da aka sani da irinsu rayu fiye da 2 da dubu. Years).

gnetalians iyali ta ƙunshi game da 40 jinsin. Wannan shi ne yafi shrubs, inabõbi, akalla - itatuwa. Suna girma a cikin wurare masu zafi da gandun daji na Asia, Oceania, Afrika ta tsakiya. Ya views ne mafi kamar gnetalians angiosperms. Misalai na iyali mambobi ne melinzho, gnetum broadleaf, gnetum ribbed et al.

hvoynikovyh iyali ya hada da 67 jinsunan shuke-shuke. Domin wannan rayuwa form bushes da kuma shrubs. Suna girma a Asiya, da Rum da kuma Kudancin Amirka. Members na wannan iyali da scaly ganye. Misalai hvoynikovyh za a iya ambata Amurka ephedra, ephedra horsetail, coniferous Ephedra, Ephedra kore, da dai sauransu

Class "Ginkgoales"

Wannan kungiyar hada da daya iyali. The kawai wakilin wannan iyali shi ne Ginkgo biloba. Yana da wani tsayi itacen (har zuwa mita 30) tare da babban fan-kamar ganye. Wannan relict shuka, abin da ya bayyana a kan Duniya miliyan 125 da suka wuce! Ya'ya daga Ginkgo ne sau da yawa amfani da magani domin lura da jijiyoyin bugun gini cututtuka, ciki har da atherosclerosis.

Class "Sagovnikovye"

Yana kuma gymnosperms. Misalin wannan aji na shuke-shuke: cycad Rumphi District, Cycas revoluta, Cycas Thouarsii da dai sauransu Su duk wannan iyali - "Sagovnikovye".

Suna girma a Asiya, Indonesia, Australia, Oceania, Madagascar.

Wadannan shuke-shuke kama dabino. Su tsawo jeri daga 2 zuwa 15 mita. A akwati ne yawanci lokacin farin ciki da gajeren lokacin da idan aka kwatanta da kauri. Saboda haka, a Cycas revoluta da diamita ne 100 cm, yayin da tsawo - 300 cm.

Class "Conifer"

Wannan watakila mafi yawan sanannun aji na Department of gymnosperms. Shi ne kuma mafi yawa.

Wannan aji kunshi daya domin - "Pine". Tun da farko a duniya, har yanzu akwai uku umarni na conifers aji, amma da wakilainsu sun zama dadaddun.

A muka ambata a sama domin kunshi bakwai iyalan:

1. Cephalotaxaceae.
2. Yew.
3. Stsiadopitisovye.
4. Podocarpaceae.
5. Araucariaceae.
6. Pine.
7. Cypress.

The iyali ta ƙunshi 20 wakilan cephalotaxaceae. Wannan Evergreen Bishiyoyi. A needles aka shirya a karkace. Daga Yew cephalotaxaceae bambanta a cewa su Cones nunarsa yawa ya fi tsayi, kuma suna da manyan-sized tsaba.

Yew iyali ya hada game da 30 jinsunan Bishiyoyi. Duk da shuke-shuke da wannan iyali suna iri guda ba. Misalai na membobin wannan iyali za a iya daukan Pacific Yew, Florida, Kanad, Turai Yew da sauransu.

The iyali stsiadopitisovye hada Evergreen itatuwa, wanda sukan yi amfani da matsayin ornamental.

Misalai na wakilan da iyali Podocarpaceae dakridium za a iya ambata, fillokladus, Podocarpus da dai sauransu Suna girma a cikin m yankunan: a New Zealand da kuma New Caledonia.

Araucariaceae iyali ya hada game da 40 jinsin. Wakilai daga cikin iyali riga ya wanzu a duniya a lokacin da Jurassic da kuma Cretaceous lokaci. Misalai za a iya daukan Agathis australis, dammar Agathis, Araucaria Brazil, Chile Araucaria, Wollemi Noble et al.

Pine iyali ya hada irin wannan da kyau a san itatuwa kamar spruce, Pine, da itacen al'ul, larch, hemlock, fir da dai sauransu All shuke-shuke na wannan iyali, girma a cikin Arewacin Hemisphere a temperate canjin yanayin. Gymnosperms wannan iyali sukan yi amfani da mutum magani da sauran masana'antu saboda ta resins da muhimmanci mai.