A bambancin da rai duniya. Matakan da kungiyar da kuma asali Properties

Duk da bambancin da suke zaune duniya ne kusan ba zai yiwu a bayyana a gwada yawa sharuddan. Saboda wannan dalili da systematics hade cikin kungiyoyin a kan tushen wasu siffofin. A wannan labarin, za mu yi la'akari da asali Properties, ka'idodinta rarrabuwa da kuma matakan da kungiyar rayuwa kwayoyin.

A bambancin da rai duniya: taƙaitaccen

Kowane jinsi data kasance a cikin duniya, mutum da kuma musamman. Duk da haka, da yawa daga cikinsu na da yawan irin wannan tsarin fasali. Shi ne a kan wadannan filaye dukan abubuwa masu rai za a iya harhada cikin halittun. A wannan zamanin malamai sun gano biyar Sarakuna. A bambancin da rai duniya (photo nuna wasu daga cikin Membobinta) ya hada da shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, da fungi, kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta. A karshen su ba su da wani salon salula tsarin, da kuma a kan filaye ne mai raba mulkin. ƙwayoyin cuta kwayoyin kunshi da nucleic acid wanda za a iya wakilta a matsayin DNA da RNA. Around su ne mai gina jiki da harsashi. Tare da irin wannan tsarin da wadannan kwayoyin ne iya kawai guda alamar halittu masu rai - kai taro ninka a cikin rundunar kwayoyin. All kwayoyin ne prokaryotes. Wannan yana nufin cewa babu an bayar da tsakiya a cikin kwayoyin jikinsu. Su kayyade kayan da aka gabatar nucleoid - madauwari DNA din, gungu na wanda aka located kai tsaye a cikin cytoplasm.

Shuke-shuke da dabbobi bambanta a cikin hanyar abinci. Farko ne m haduwa gudanar da mahadi a lokacin photosynthesis. Wannan hanya na ciyar kira autotrophic. Animals cinye shirye-sanya abubuwa. Irin kwayoyin ake kira heterotrophs. Namomin kaza da ãyõyin biyu shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Alal misali, suna a haɗe hanyar rayuwa da kuma Unlimited girma, amma ba su iya photosynthesis.

A Properties na rai al'amari

Kuma a kan abin da filaye, a general, rayayyun kwayoyin halitta kira? Masana sun gano wani yawan sharudda. Da farko, shi ne hadin kai da sunadarai abun da ke ciki. All rai al'amari ne kafa ta kwayoyin abubuwa. Wadannan sun hada da sunadarai, lipids, carbohydrates da kuma nucleic acid. Dukansu suna da halitta biopolymers, kunsha na yawan maimaita raka'a. A ãyõyi halittu masu rai kuma ya kamãta da abinci mai gina jiki, da numfashi, girma, ci gaba, kwayoyin bambancin, metabolism, haifuwa, da ikon daidaita.

Kowane taxon ne halin da peculiarities. Alal misali, shuke-shuke girma ba tare da iyaka, domin a rayuwa. Amma dabbobi kara a size har zuwa wani lokaci. Haka ya shafi cikin numfashi. An yi imani da cewa wannan tsari ya auku ne kawai tare da sa hannu na oxygen. Wannan ake kira aerobic numfasawa. Amma a nan ne wasu kwayoyin cuta na iya oxidize kwayoyin kayan da ba tare da gaban oxygen - anaerobic.

A bambancin da rai duniya: da matakan da kungiyar da kuma asali Properties

Ce alamomin mai rai, kuma yana da wata microscopic kwayan cell, da kuma babban blue Whale. Bugu da kari, duk kwayoyin a cikin yanayi ne juna da ci gaba da musayar al'amarin da makamashi, kuma suna da wani zama dole mahada a cikin abinci sarkar. Duk da bambancin da suke zaune duniya, kungiyar matakan bayar da shawarar gaban kawai wasu physiological tafiyar matakai. Suna iyakance zuwa fasali na tsari da kuma nau'in bambancin. Bari mu bincika kowane daga cikinsu a cikin daki-daki.

matakin kwayoyin

A bambancin da rai duniya tare da ta uniquely gane shi a wannan matakin. Dalili na duk kwayoyin sun dauki sunadarai, tsarin abubuwa da suke amino acid. Adadin su ne kananan - game da 170. Amma a cikin sunadarin ya hada da kawai 20. su hade kayyade iyaka iri-iri sunadarai na gina jiki - da kayayyakin albumin tsuntsu qwai to collagen tsoka zaruruwa. A wannan matakin, akwai ci gaban da kuma ci gaban da kwayoyin a general ajiya da kuma canja wuri da hereditary abu, metabolism da kuma makamashi hira.

Salon salula da kuma nama matakin

A kwayoyin kwayoyin abubuwa kafa Kwayoyin. A bambancin da rai duniya, da asali Properties na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a cewa matakin riga gani a gaba ɗayansa. A tartsatsi yanayin guda-celled kwayoyin. Yana iya zama duka kwayoyin da kuma shuke-shuke, da dabbobi. Irin halittun salula matakin yayi dace da kwayoyin.

A duban farko shi iya ze cewa su tsari ne m m. Amma ba haka. Just kwatanta: guda cell yi aikin ayyuka na dukan kwayoyin! Alal misali, Paramecium caudatum aikin motsi amfani flagella, numfashi ta hanyar dukan surface, narkewa da kuma tsari na osmotic matsa lamba ta hanyar qware vacuoles. An sani a cikin wadannan kwayoyin da jima'i tsari, wanda ya auku a cikin nau'i na Tasrifu. A kwayar kwayoyin kafa nama. Wannan tsarin ya kunshi Kwayoyin, irin wannan sifa da aiki.

kwayoyin matakin

A ilmin halitta, da bambancin da suke zaune duniya da aka yi karatu a wannan matakin. Kowane kwayoyin ne guda dukan da kuma aiki a bisa. Mafi yawan su an hada da Kwayoyin, tsokoki da kuma gabobin. Ban ne ƙananan tsire-tsire, fungi da lichens. Jikinsu yana samuwa ta tarin Kwayoyin wanda ba samar da kyallen takarda kira thallus. The aiki na tushen a cikin kwayoyin na da irin wannan aiki rhizoids.

Yawan jama'a-jinsin da kuma yanayin kasa matakan

The karami naúrar a taxonomy na jinsi. Wannan shi ne wani sa na daidaikun mutane, mallakan wani adadin na kowa siffofin. Da farko, shi ne morphological, biochemical fasali, da kuma ikon yantar da mararraba, kyale kwayoyin zuwa zauna da bayanai a cikin wannan fanni da kuma samar da m zuriyarsa. Modern taxonomy yana da fiye da miliyan 1.7. Species. Amma a cikin yanayi da suka ba za a iya ware. A cikin wani takamaiman ƙasa sanaki dama jinsunan. Wannan kayyade bambancin da rai duniya. A ilmin halitta, a sa na wannan nau'in cewa rayuwa a cikin wasu iyaka, da ake kira da yawan jama'a. Daga wadannan kungiyoyi, suna ware wasu halitta shinge. Yana iya zama kududdufai, dutse, ko gandun daji yankunan. Kowane yawan ne halin da bambancin, kazalika da jinsi, shekaru, da muhalli, da kuma sarari kwayoyin tsarin.

Amma ko da a cikin wata guda mazauninsu, jinsunan bambancin da kwayoyin ne isasshe manyan. Dukan su aka saba da rayuwa a cikin wani yanayi da kuma haɗa dangi trophic. Wannan yana nufin cewa kowane jinsi ne tushen abinci ga sauran. Wannan results a cikin wani yanayin kasa ko biocenosis. Yana riga yana da wani sa na mutane daban-daban jinsunan hade mazauninsu, da sake zagayowar kwayoyin halitta da kuma makamashi.

biogeocoenosis

Amma tare da duk kwayoyin kullum hulda dalilai na matattun yanayi. Wadannan sun hada da iska zazzabi yanayin, da gwargwado da kuma sinadaran da abun da ke ciki na ruwa, da danshi da kuma hasken rana. Duk halittu masu rai dogara a kan su, kuma ba zai iya zama ba tare da wadansu sharudda. Alal misali, shuke-shuke suna ciyar da kawai da makamashin hasken rana, ruwa da carbon dioxide. Yana da wani yanayin na photosynthesis, da wanda haduwa kwayoyin halitta da suke bukata. A totality of biotic dalilai da kuma matattun yanayi da ake kira biogeocenosis.

Mene ne Muciya

A bambancin da rai duniya a massively wakilta biosphere. Wannan shi ne duniya halitta harsashi na duniya tamu, wanda haɗa kan bangaskiya dukan abubuwa masu rai. A biosphere yana da iyaka. M ayi a yanayi, da aka iyakance da lemar sararin samaniya Layer na duniya. An located a wata tsawo na 20 - 25 km. Wannan Layer garwaya da cutarwa ultraviolet radiation. Sama da shi, rayuwa shi ne kawai zai yiwu ba. Don zurfin 3 km ne ƙananan iyaka da biosphere. A nan, shi ne iyakance ta gaban danshi. Saboda haka mai zurfi ne iya rayuwa ne kawai anaerobic kwayoyin. A cikin ruwan harsashi na duniya - da hydrosphere, rai da aka samu a zurfin 10-11 km.

Saboda haka, rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da cewa zauna mu duniya a cikin daban-daban na halitta casings, da yawan halayyar Properties. Wadannan sun hada da su ikon numfashi, abinci mai gina jiki, motsi, haifuwa, da kuma sauransu. D. A bambancin da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta aka wakilta daban-daban matakan da kungiyar, kowane tare da bangarori daban-daban na haduwar tsarin da kuma physiological tafiyar matakai.