Ancient mutãnensu a Rasha. Tarihi na jihar da kuma Rasha mutãnensu

Ancient mutãnensu a Rasha ya fara sake ma su matsugunni da kuma obzhivanie ƙasashe dogon kafin tasowar statehood. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa na farko da kuma Grand Duke na Rasha - Rurik - sa wata babbar adadin kokarin haifar da guda jihar, mahaifiyar al'ummai da yawa.

A farko yunkurin karatu na zamanin d mutane

Babban siffa daga cikin Slavic yawan binciken ne cewa akwai wani ci gaba da tuki muhimmancin Inter-kabilanci a tsakaninsu. Abin da ake nufi? Koyi da asali mutanen Rasha, yana da muhimmanci a fahimce gudanar da bincike kan al'amarin. Alal misali, ya mayar da hankali a kan mazauna Tsakiya yankin, dole ne ka kula da kabila daga Gabashin Turai da Siberia.

Duk karatu na pre-neman sauyi tsarin sun mayar da hankali a kan guda Rasha mutane. Rinjayar sauran al'ummai, idan ba cire daga kimiyya, a kaikaice da aka ambata, amma ba a matsayin manyan tambaya, amma kawai a matsayin ƙa'ida. The kawai hukumance gane gaskiya ne cewa a hankali zuba Finno-Ugric kabilu, 'yan asalin mutane a Rasha.

Kawai a cikin farkon karni na ashirin, Rasha ya fara a gani a matsayin tarihi kabilu jihar. Ba za ka iya boye gaskiya da cewa irin karshe da aka yi a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Turai masana kimiyya. A tsawon lokaci, shi ya fara buga ayyukan Orthodox marubuta, gaya cewa 'yan asalin mutanen Rasha ne masu tasowa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar tsoho Littafi Mai Tsarki asali. "Rasha mutane - mutane da Allah ya san da tsoho Kyivan asalin" - fassara a matsayin labarin daya daga cikin shugabannin coci - A. Nechvolodov. Domin ya dauke da samuwar da Scythians, Huns da sauran dabam data kasance al'umma.

Shi ne a cikin karni na ashirin, akwai wani Trend na tarihi da tunani, kamar yadda wani Eurasian ka'idar.

Folk asalin: yaya aka yi?

Da dama ƙarni kafin Kirista zamanin akwai wata babbar tarihi taron: baƙin ƙarfe fara da za a rayayye amfani maimakon tagulla. Tartsatsi tama ya ba kawai amfani da albarkatun kasa, amma kuma da ƙarfin kerarre guda.

A wannan lokacin akwai wani sauka a hankali sanyaya na sauyin yanayi, tare da karuwa a cikin adadin m ƙasar, m ga yankunan da dabba husbandry, dabam da ayyukan microorganisms wanda ci gaba cikin sharuddan ruwa sarari, wanda yana da kyau sakamako a kan abun da ke ciki na koguna, Lakes, kõguna da sauransu.

Da zuwan tama mutãnen farkon a Rasha ta fara aiki ci gaba. Yawan kabilun amfani da baƙin ƙarfe a matsayin tushe abu. A wannan lokacin, halin da tsoho Rasha sake ma su matsugunni magabatan da Slavic mutane, Latvians, Estonians, Lithuania, arewa-maso-gabashin Finno-Ugric kabilu, kazalika da sauran karami al'ummomi da suke zaune a cikin sarari na Jamhuriyar Rasha da kuma Gabashin Turai.

«Iron juyin juya halin" ne ya tãyar da matakin da aikin noma, ya kara da share na dazuzzukan plantations, sauƙaƙar da nauyi filin aiki tillers. A zamanin d mutanen Rasha, waɗanda sunayensu suke a sani ba zuwa ga tarihi, a hankali ya fara nuna rarrabe siffofin daga cikin jimlar taro na al'ummar jihar. Samuwar kõwace al'umma ne ya rinjayi osodlosti, ci gaba na dabba husbandry da kuma aikin noma. Bugu da ƙari, ya magance a cikin daban-daban bangarorin na duniya, da Slavic mutane shige cikin gida da kasashen waje harshen basira da makwabta - meryam, Chud, Karelia, da sauransu. Wannan gaskiya ta bayyana manyan yawan kalmomi a Istoniyanci Slavic asalin, alaka noma jigo.

A farko yarjejeniya

A farko prototypes daga cikin birane inda suka rayu kuma ya kafa al'ummai kuma mafi tsufa Rasha jihar, wanzu a farkon karni BC. A irin wannan Trend ne lura a arewacin Turai, da kuma a cikin Urals - a gani iyakar tsayarwa na Slavic mutane.

Rufi gandun daji expanses gudummawar da halakar tribal al'umma salon. Yanzu zamanin d mutane a Rasha da suke zaune a gidãjen ko m, wanda ƙwarai raunana zumunta da zarar mai girma da kuma iko al'umma. A hankali tilasta sake ma su matsugunni da mutane zuwa bar wurin da a makiyayarsa, kuma sannu a hankali matsawa a kudu-easterly shugabanci. Watsi da gidãjen aka kira garuruwa. Godiya ga wannan ƙauyuka da kuma gine-gine, da tarihi na Rasha tun daga lokacin da yana da yawa facts da kuma ilmin kimiyya. masana harkokin kimiyya za su iya a yanzu hukunci da rayuwar yau da kullum ta mutane, su tarbiyyar, da ilimi da kuma aikin yi. A cikin kwanaki na ginin birane akwai ãyõyi farko na zamantakewa stratification.

Tana dabo Slavic a matsayin jinsin kabilun

Masana kimiyya da dama ne na ra'ayin cewa Slavs a cikin mafi yawan su Indo-Turai asali. Saboda haka, mafi tsoho mutane a Rasha asali zaune ba kawai da yankin na zamani a jihar, amma kuma babban ɓangare na Gabashin Turai da kudancin kasashen up to zamani India.

The kowa asalin da dama al'ummai ba kowa zamani harsuna. Duk da daban-daban farkon na ci gaba, a cikin harsunan da makwabta kasashen waje za su iya samun wata babbar dama irin wannan, a cikin ma'anar da pronunciation na kalmomi. Yau dauke su mai kama da Celtic, Jamus, Slavic, Roman, Indian, Iran, da sauran harshen iyalansu.

A assimilation na Slavs

A matsayin dadaddiyar kwanon kabila ba su tsira ba mutane. A cikin tsawon aiki Slav ƙauyuka faru assimilation tare da makwabta kabilu da al'ummomi.

A ƙarin shaidun da na tarihi na Jihar kabila da kuma mutanen Rasha ne shiru. A wannan batun, a kan ƙarni, masana kimiyya, shugabannin sa a gaba wani iri-iri shiriritar. Alal misali, na farko tarihin Nestor yi imani da cewa Slavic mutane na asali su zauna a kan iyakar tsakiya da gabashin Turai, da kuma karfafa wannan kabila ya dauki Danube kogin kwari da Balkan Larabawa.

Masana kimiyya - wakilan da bourgeoisie sa a gaba da erroneous ka'idar cewa kakannin gida na Slavs ne karamin sashi na ƙasa da Carpathians.

Rasha al'ummai takaice game da Slavs na biyu Millennium BC

A sages na zamanin d Slavs ĩmãni mafi girma al'umma da tarihi na da, yanzu da kuma nan gaba. Don mu sau sun zo da hujjojin da cewa mutane na Slavic asalin da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da Antes, da Veneti, Wends, da sauransu.

Helenawa gano ƙasa na Slavs a cikin wadannan hanya: a yamma - to Elbe. a arewa - ga Baltic Sea. a kudu - da Danube River. a gabas - zuwa Diet da Oka. Bugu da ƙari, tsoho Greek matafiya, gabascin da kuma masana kimiyya da aka ba iyakance zuwa cewa data. A cewar su, da Slavic mutane da suke zaune a Rasha, zai shirya da nisa kudu-maso-gabas ta cikin sararin kuma m gandun daji-steppe zone. Yana da wani zaunar da hanyar rayuwa a cikin m gandun daji na kasar, aiki farauta da kama kifi, tara ganye da kuma berries su ne dalilin hadawa da Slavs Sarmatians.

A cewar Herodotus, a Gabashin Turai rayu da mutane da aka sani da Scythians. Ya kamata a lura da cewa, a karkashin wannan definition, to, bã su fahimta ne kawai da Slavic kabilu, amma kuma da yawa wasu kabilun.

A arziki arewa-maso-gabashin Turai?

Ancient mutãnensu a Rasha ba su iyakance ga ambatar mutane na Slavic asalin. Biyu mafi girma yawan kabilu da kuma sake ma su matsugunni a cikin jihar iyakokin shagaltar Lithuanian-Latvian kungiyar.

Wannan mutane mallakar kabilan Finno-Ugric harshen iyali: da Finns, Estonians, Mari, Mordvins da sauransu. Kaikaitaccen kasa mutanen Rasha sun kama tare da Slavic kabilan salon. Bugu da ƙari, da alaka da harsunan sun gudummawar rayayye don ƙarfafa aforementioned kabilanci al'ummomi.

A rarrabe Latvians da kuma Lithuania shi ne cewa mafi yawan lokaci da hankali suka ba da doki waddan fiye da aikin noma. A daidai wannan lokaci aka gina shi a dogara da ƙauyuka-ƙauyuka. Kuna hukunta daga cikin labarun da matafiya, Herodotus kira da Lithuanian-Latvian kungiyar Tissagets.

Ancient Rus: Scythians da Sarmatians

Daya daga cikin 'yan wakilan Iran harshen iyali, ya bar kawai wata alama a tarihi, su ne Scythians da Sarmatians. Mai yiwuwa wadannan mutane sun shagaltar da yankin kudancin Rasha zuwa Altai.

Scythian da Sarmatian al'umma yana da yawa irin wannan fasali tare da sauran kabilu, amma ba su ne guda siyasa farkon. Ko da a cikin na biyar karni BC a kan ƙasa na kabilan magance faru zamantakewa stratification, da kuma gudanar da yaƙe-yaƙe na ci. A hankali da Scythians nasara Black Sea kabilu, sanya da yawa tafiye-tafiye zuwa Balkans, Asia, Transcaucasia.

Amazing Legends je dũkiyar Scythians. Shi hurumin sarakunan Isra'ila pawned wani m adadin na zinariya. Saboda haka, za mu iya gano quite wani karfi stratification al'umma, kazalika da da ikon da Elite aji.

An ban sha'awa Gaskiyar ita ce, da Scythians suka rabu da dama kungiyoyin-kabilu. Alal misali, a cikin kwarin a gabashin Dnieper rayu nomadic kabilu bambancin, bi da bi, a wajen yamma na kogin sanaki da Scythians-manoma. A raba kungiyar kasaftawa Royal Scythians, tafiya tsakanin Dnieper da ƙananan Don. Kawai a nan za ka iya samun arziki binne mounds kuma powerfully garu shiri.

Tarihi na Rasha daga zamanin da kuma samar da wani abin mamaki tsauri kungiya ta kashin Scythian-Sarmatian kabilu. A hankali irin ci ba Yunƙurin zuwa jihar na bawa tsarin. Jiha ta farko da cewa kabila aka kafa Sindhi kabilai, da sauran - a sakamakon da Thracian Wars.

A karfi Scythian jihar da aka kafa a cikin na uku karni BC, shi ne cibiyar da Crimea. A wuri na zamani Simferopol located protagonist na Legends - birnin da kyau sunan Naples - babban birnin na Scythian mulkin. Shi ne mai iko cibiyar, masu garu na dutse ganuwar da kuma sanye take da wata babbar hatsi ajiya.

Scythians biyu tsunduma a aikin noma, da kuma biya kulawa ta musamman wajen rabo na dabba husbandry. A arni na farko BC, daga cikin kabilan rayayye ɓullo da sana'a da ayyukan. Bright da kuma m al'adu na Scythians har yanzu ana karatu da masana kimiyya-masana tarihi. Wannan ya ba mutane da immensity ra'ayoyi for zane-zane, sculptures da sauran m halittun. A ranar, da kayan gargajiya kiyaye amo mara sa na zamanin d rayuwa.

Akwai wani ra'ayi da cewa kabilan Scythians aka ba gaba daya shafe kashe taswirar. A gaban da bawa jama'a da rikicin ne a bayyane yake, amma sosai high tare da Slavic kabilan da alama na assimilation. Wannan al'amari ya gaya asalin yawa kalmomi na zamani Rasha harshe. Idan Slavic cinye "kare", tare da aikewa amfani Scytho-Iran "kare". Common Slavonic "mai kyau" yana daidai da Scythian-Sarmatian "mai kyau" da sauransu.

Ba lallai ba ne a yi la'akari da Scythians kai tsaye zuriyar Slavic mutane, duk da haka, amo mara sa na zamanin d ƙwarai al'ada har yanzu ba.

Black Sea Coast: Greek Tushen

Duniya cewa wanzu a kan ƙasa na da tekun Black Sea Coast, 'yan ƙarni kafin mu zamanin da aka kama da Girkanci ɗan fashi squads. Shekaru da dama a can sun ci gaba birni-jihohin da tsoho Greek al'adu. Nadawa bawa dangantaka.

Ancient Rasha koya wata babbar adadin invaluable kwarewa na Greek rayuwa. Musamman a ci gaba a wannan ɓangare na jihar sun noma, yi garkuwa da Salted kifi, ruwan inabi, alkama aiki, shigo da daga Scythian ƙasar. Baza da shahararsa tsiwirwirinsu yumbu craft. Bugu da kari, da kwarewa da aka replicated cinikayya tare da kasashen waje kasashen. M Greek ado fadi a cikin yin amfani da wani Scythian sarakuna da gane tare da na gida albarkatun.

City, kafa a kan ƙasa da tsohon Greek birni-jihohi, sun soma wani babban mataki ne na al'adun mutane. M majami'u, sinimomi, sculptures da kuma zane-zane ado da kullum rayuwar Helenawa. A hankali, da birni da yake cike da jahili kabilu, wanda, Oddly isa, da girmama tsoho Greek al'adu, da tsare Monuments na art, kazalika da nazarin rubuce-rubucen da masana falsafa.

Ancient Rasha yawan: mutanen Bosporan Kingdom

Northern Black Sea Coast farkon na ci gaba da biyar karni BC. Ga shi, ya kafa kawai babbar baiwa jihar a karkashin sunan da Bosporus - zamani Kerch. Manyan jam'iyyun siyasa mahaluži dade kawai 9 ƙarni, bayan da a cikin karni na hudu BC, aka halaka su da Huns.

Assimilated da Greek mutanen Arewa Black Sea hankali zaunar a kan Kerch Larabawa, da ƙananan kai na cikin Don. Sun dauki da Taman Larabawa. Active ci gaban da mutane da aka ambata a cikin gabashin ɓangare na jihar, daga ƙungiyar na kabilu hankali rarrabe nobility da kuma aristocracy, wanda mu'amala da masu arziki wakilan Greek yawan jama'a.

A farko impetus zuwa ga halaka jihar shi da bawa tawaye karkashin jagorancin Savmak. A wannan lokacin da Ancient Rus da aka cika da rabuwa da kuma yunkuri. A hankali, da tekun Black Sea yankin da aka gaba daya kama da Getae da Sarmatians, kuma daga baya kusan gaba daya hallaka.

Samuwar arziki Rasha tarihi na zamani Rasha da aka ba kawai ya rinjayi mutanen da suke rayuwa a cikin Tsakiya yankin. Har ila yau yana da tasiri na sauran kasashe. Don kwanan wata, ba shi yiwuwa a daidai ƙayyade ko da Slavs aka tasowa nasu mutane ko su su samuwar shafar kowa daga waje. Wannan tambaya an tsara don ba da damar zamani tarihi kimiyya.