Silicon (sinadari) Properties halayyar dabara. Silicon bude labarin

Mutane da yawa zamani fasaha na'urorin da apparatuses an halitta saboda da musamman Properties abubuwa samu a yanayi. Mutãne da experimentation da kuma nazarin da abubuwa da cewa kewaye da mu kullum kyautayuwa ta ƙaryarsu - wannan tsari shine ake kira fasaha ci gaba. Yana dogara ne a kan mai sauki, m ga kowa da kowa abubuwa cewa kewaye da mu a cikin rayuwar yau da kullum. Alal misali, yashi, abin da zai iya zama abin mamaki da kuma sabon abu? Masana kimiyya sun iya ware shi daga silicon - wani sinadari, ba tare da wanda babu wani kwamfuta kayan aiki. Its filin na aikace-aikace ne da bambancin da ake kullum fadada. Wannan shi ne cimma ta musamman Properties na silicon zarra, da tsarin da kuma yiwuwar sauki mahadi da sauran abubuwa.

fasalin

A cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin, raya D. I. Mendeleevym, silicon (sinadari) ya nuna alama ce Si. Yana nufin da ba-karafa, da aka located a cikin babban na huɗu kungiyar na uku lokaci, yana da atomic lambar 14. Its kusanci zuwa carbon ne ba ta hanyar kwatsam: a da yawa daga dũkiyõyinsu ne m. Ba a samu ba a cikin yanayi a m tsari, kamar yadda wani aiki rabi, kuma yana da isasshe da karfi bond tare da oxygen. Base abu - silica, wanda shi ne wani oxide, kuma silicates (yashi). Lokacin da wannan silicon (na halitta fili) yana daya daga cikin na kowa sinadaran abubuwa a duniya. Mass sulusi da murabba'i abun ciki na shi ne na biyu ne kawai zuwa oxygen (fiye da 28%). A saman ɓawon burodi Layer ƙunshi silicon dioxide a cikin hanyar (wannan ma'adini), daban-daban iri clays da yashi. Na biyu ya fi na kowa kungiyar aka yi sama da ta silicates. A zurfin game da nisan kilomita 35 daga surface yadudduka aka shirya dutse da basalt adibas, wanda sun hada da silicon mahadi. A kashi abun ciki na duniya ta core ba siffa fitar tukuna, amma ya fi kusa da surface yadudduka da alkyabbar (har zuwa 900 km) sun dauki silicates. A abun da ke ciki na seawater silicon maida hankali ne 3 MG / l, Lunar ƙasa 40% kunshi mahadi. Cosmos, wanda mutãne to date ya yi nazari dauke da wannan sinadari a cikin manyan yawa. Alal misali, na analysis na meteorites, wanda ya fuskanci ƙasa a nesa da cewa shi ne samuwa ga masu bincike, ya nuna cewa sun kunshi 20% na silicon. Akwai yiwuwar samuwar rayuwa a kan tushen da wannan kashi a cikin galaxy.

bincike tsari

Tarihi na samu na sinadari silicon yana da dama, saukarwa. Mutane da yawa abubuwa, systematized Mendeleev, amfani da mutãne ƙarni. Haka kuma, abubuwa ne a cikin halitta nau'i, i o A Z. a mahadi da cewa ba a chemically bi da, da kuma duk dũkiyõyinsu da aka ba su sani ba mutane. A kan aiwatar da nazari da dukan siffofin da wani abu da ya bayyana sabon amfani. Da kaddarorin silicon don kwanan wata ba a karatu har zuwa karshen - wannan kashi ne isasshe da fadi da kuma bambancin kewayon aikace-aikace bar dakin sabon binciken nan gaba na masana kimiyya. Modern fasahar zai muhimmanci hanzarta wannan tsari. A cikin XIX karni, da yawa shahara chemists sun yi kokarin samun wani m silicon. A karo na farko shi yiwuwa a yi Tenaru L. kuma J. Gay-Lussac a shekarar 1811, amma samu na kashi nasa ne J. Berzelius, wanda ya iya ba kawai gano abu, amma kuma ya bayyana shi. Sunadarai daga Sweden samu silicon a 1823, domin wannan ya yi amfani da ƙarfe potassium da potassium gishiri. A dauki ya faru a kara kuzari a cikin nau'i na zafi. A sakamakon sauki abu launin toka-kasa-kasa launi ne wani amorphous silicon. Crystal m kashi da aka samu a 1855, Sainte- Kler Devilem. A ganewar da ake kai tsaye alaka kasafi na wani babban karfin atomic shaidu. A lokuta biyu, da sinadaran dauki ne zuwa ga wani tsari na tsarkakewa daga impurities, da amorphous da crystalline model da daban-daban Properties.

Silicon: sinadari pronunciation

A farko sunan sakamakon foda - Kizel - aka samarwa da Berzelius. A cikin United Kingdom da kuma Amurka silicon da kuma a yau aka kira a matsayin silicon (Silicium) ko silicone (Silicon). A lokaci ya sami asali daga Latin kalmar "duwatsu" (ko "dutse"), da kuma a mafi yawan lokuta shi ne daura wa manufar "kasa" saboda fadi da baza a yanayi. Rasha pronunciation da sinadaran ne daban-daban, duk ya dogara Madogararsa. Ya aka kira silica (Zakharov amfani da kalmar a 1810), Sicily (1824, Dvigubsky, Solovyov), silica (1825, tsoro), kuma kawai a 1834, da Rasha, sunadarai Jamus Ivanovich Gess ya gabatar da wani sunan cewa har yanzu amfani da mafi kafofin - silicon. A lokaci-lokaci Mendeleyev System ya sanya alama ce Si. Yadda za a karanta sinadari silicon? Mutane da yawa malaman Turanci kasashen ambaci sunansa a matsayin "B" ko amfani da kalmar "silicone". Saboda haka duniya-sanannen sunan kwarin, wanda yake shi ne bincike da kuma masana'antu na kwamfuta hardware dandali. Rasha-magana yawan nufin da silicon rabi (daga Girkanci kalmar "dutse Mountain").

Kasancewa a cikin yanayi: filayen

Entire dutsen tsarin hada da silicon mahadi, wanda ba a samu a wani m tsari, domin duk aka sani ma'adanai ne dioxides ko silicates (aluminosilicates). A ban mamaki kyau na duwatsun amfani da mutane a matsayin ornamental abu - shi opals, amethysts, ma'adini irin, Jasper, chalcedony, agate, rock crystal, carnelian da yawa wasu. Suna kafa saboda abin da ya faru na daban-daban silicon mahadi wanda m da yawa, tsari da launi da kuma shugabanci na amfani. Bitar inorganic duniya za a iya dangantaka da wannan sinadari, wanda ke da yanayi suranta karfi shaidu da karafa ko karafa (tutiya, magnesium, alli, manganese, titanium da sauransu. D.). By kwatanta da sauran abubuwa, silicon fairly sauƙi m ga hakar a masana'antu sikelin: aka same shi a cikin mafi iri ores da kuma ma'adanai. Saboda haka, rayayye mined adibas suna da nasaba da mafi araha kafofin samar da makamashi fiye da zuwa yankin gungu na al'amarin. Quartzites da ma'adini yashi suna samuwa a duk ƙasashe. Mai manyan masana'antun da silicon kaya ne: China, Faransa, Norway, Amirka, (West Virginia, Ohio, Alabama, New York), Australia, Afirka ta Kudu, Canada, Brazil. All masana'antun yin amfani da hanyoyi da dama, wanda ya dogara a kan irin samfurin (fasaha, semiconductor, high-silicon). Chemical kashi wadãtar da bugu da žari ko a madadin, tsarkake daga iri daban-daban na impurities yana da mutum Properties na wanda ya dogara a kan ta kara yin amfani. Wannan kuma ya shafi abu. Silicon tsarin ma'anar da ikon yinsa, daga cikin aikace-aikace.

Tarihi na amfani

Sau da yawa sosai, saboda kama da sunayen mutane dame silicon da duwatsu, amma wadannan Concepts ba m. Mu ne bayyananne. Kamar yadda aka ambata a riga, a cikin yanayinsa, silicon ba a samu a cikin tsarki tsari, ba za a ce game da sadarwa (wannan silica). Babban ma'adanai da kuma kankara kafa dioxide muna la'akari da abu - shi ne yashi (ruwa da kuma silica), ma'adini da quartzite, feldspar da duwatsu. A karshen ya ji dole ne duk, saboda an ba shi babban muhimmanci a tarihin 'yan adam. Tare da wannan ƙulla da dutse kayan aikin da mutane a lokacin Stone Age. Its da kaifafan gefuna sakamakon daga chipping na bedrock, ƙwarai facilitates aikin na zamanin d matan aure, da kuma yiwuwar wasa - dayansu da masunta. Flint ba su da ƙarfi daga karfe kayayyakin, amma ya kasa kida iya sauƙi a iya maye gurbinsu. Its amfani matsayin duwatsu dade da yawa ƙarni - har sai da sabuwar dabara na madadin kafofin.

Game da yau suke da su, da kaddarorin silicon sa shi yiwuwa a amfani da kayan ado domin ko halittar yumbu tableware, tare da, a Bugu da kari wani kyau na ado bayyanar, shi yana da yawan m aikin halaye. A raba shugabanci na aikace-aikace saboda da sabuwar dabara na gilashi game da 3000 da suka wuce. Wannan taron bayar da wata dama don ƙirƙirar madubai, jita-jita, akwai gilashi mosaic mahadi dauke da silicon. Formula farko abubuwa suna goyon bayan dole aka gyara, da barin samfurin ba da ake so launi da kuma sakamako a kan ƙarfi daga cikin gilashin. Amazing kyakkyawa da dama ayyukan art aka sanya ta wani mutum daga ma'adanai da kuma duwatsu dauke da silicon. A warkar Properties na wannan kashi da aka bayyana da masana kimiyya na tsufa da kuma amfani a ko'ina cikin tarihin 'yan adam. Su dage farawa daga cikin rijiyoyin ga shan ruwa ajiya na kayayyakin amfani a cikin rayuwar yau da kullum da kuma a magani. A foda samu ta hanyar nika da aka amfani da raunuka. Musamman da hankali da aka biya zuwa ruwa wanda ya nace a tukunya sanya mahadi dauke da silicon. Chemical kashi abun da ke ciki mu'amala da shi, da barin yawan halaka pathogenic kwayoyin cuta da kwayoyin. Kuma shi ke ba duk sassa inda muka duba yiwuwar abu ne sosai, sosai a bukatar. silicon tsarin sa ta multifunctionality.

Properties

Don ƙarin bayani a kan siffofin da kayan shi wajibi ne don la'akari, shan la'akari duk yiwu Properties. Shirin kashi silicon sinadaran halaye hada jiki Properties, lantarki sigogi, da nazari mahadi kuma dauki yanayi, da kuma haka su nassi. G. Silicon a crystalline tsari yana da wani duhu launin toka launi tare da wani ƙarfe Sheen. Face-tsakiya cubic raga na kama carbon (lu'u-lu'u), amma saboda da mafi tsawon na links ba a matsayin karfi. Roba shi ya aikata zafi har zuwa 800 ^{° C,} a wasu lokuta, shi ya kasance m. The jiki Properties na silicon sa shi gaske musamman abu: shi ne m zuwa infrared radiation. Narkewa batu - 1410 ⁰ C da kuma tafasar - 2600 ⁰ C, da yawa a karkashin al'ada yanayi - 2330 kg / m ^3. Thermal watsin ba m ga daban-daban samfurori da shi aka samu a wani m darajar 25 ⁰ C. The kaddarorin da silicon zarra ba da damar ta yin amfani da matsayin semiconductor. Irin wannan aikace-aikace ne mafi in bukatar a duniya a yau. The girma na watsin musababin da abun da ke ciki na silicon da abubuwa, suna a tare da su. Saboda haka, domin waye lantarki watsin ana amfani antimony, arsenic, phosphorus, domin perforated - aluminum, gallium, boron, indium. A lokacin da samar da na'urorin da ake amfani da silicon a matsayin jagora surface jiyya da wakili, wanda rinjayar da aiki na na'ura.

Da kaddarorin silicon matsayin kyakkyawan shugaba amfani quite a baje a cikin zamani kayan aiki. Muhimmanci musamman ta yin amfani a cikin yi na nagartaccen kayan aiki (msl, ta zamani, sarrafa kwamfuta na'urorin, kwakwalwa).

Silicon: halayyar sinadari

A mafi yawan lokuta, da silicon ne tetravalent, akwai kuma sadarwa a wadda ta za a iya saita zuwa biyu. Karkashin al'ada yanayi shi ne talauci aiki, yana da karfi fili a dakin da zazzabi iya kawai amsa tare da sunadarin flourine a gaseous tara jihar. Wannan shi ne saboda da tarewa sakamako dioxide surface film, wanda aka lura a cikin hulda da na yanayi oxygen ko ruwa. Don ta da halayen zama dole in yi amfani da mai kara kuzari: wani karuwa a yawan zafin jiki shi ne manufa domin abu kamar silicon. Chemical kashi reacts tare da oxygen a 400-500 ⁰ C, sakamakon dioxide film ƙaruwa, da aiwatar da hadawan abu da iskar shaka. Lokacin da yawan zafin jiki ne tãyar da su 50 ⁰ C dauki tare da bromine, chlorine, aidin, inda maras tabbas tetrahalides kafa. Tare acid silicon ba amsa, tare da togiya na cakuda hydrofluoric da nitric acid, yayin da wani Alkali a mai tsanani a jihar ne da sauran ƙarfi. Silanes samar kawai da bazuwar na silicides a dauki tare da hydrogen ba shigar da shi. A mafi ƙarfi da sinadaran mahadi bambanta passivity da boron da carbon. High jure alkalis da kuma acid, tare da wani fili da nitrogen, wanda ya auku a yanayin zafi kan 1000 ⁰ C. The silicides ake samu ta hanyar dauki tare da karafa, da kuma a cikin wannan hali ya dogara da valency na karin kashi, wanda ya nuna silicon. Formula abu kafa tare da sa hannu na mai mika mulki karfe ne resistant zuwa acid. A tsarin da silicon zarra kai tsaye rinjayar da kaddarorin da ikon hulɗa tare da wasu abubuwa. Kan aiwatar da samuwar shaidu a cikin yanayi da kuma lokacin da fallasa su da abu (a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, masana'antu yanayi) ya bambanta muhimmanci. Silicon tsarin kwakwalwa ta sinadaran aiki.

tsarin

A kewaye tsarin da silicon zarra yana da halaye. A cajin core 14, wanda yayi dace da jerin lamba a cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin. Yawan caje barbashi: protons - 14; electron - 14; neutrons - 14. A kewaye tsarin silicon kwayoyin halitta ne da wadannan: Si +14) 2) 8) 4. A karshe (na waje) electron matakin ne 4 da kayyade mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka da alamar "+" ko "-". Silicon oxide yana da dabara Sio ₂ (valence 4+), wani maras tabbas hydrogen fili - Sih ₄ (valence na -4). Manyan adadin silicon atoms iya a wasu mahadi da daidaituwa yawan 6, kamar wani fili da sunadarin flourine. Matauni taro - 28 atomic radius - 132 Zab, da electron harsashi sanyi: 1s 2s ^{2 2} 3S ^{2 6} 2P 3P ^2.

aikace-aikace

Surfactants ko cikakken doped silicon da ake amfani da matsayin semiconductor kan halittar da yawa, ciki har da daidaici, da na'urorin (msl, hasken rana Kwayoyin, transistors, rectifier da t. D.). Ultrapure silicon ake amfani da su haifar da hasken rana Kwayoyin (makamashi). Type guda crystal da ake amfani da yi madubai da kuma Laser gas. Silicon mahadi samu gilashi, yumbu tayal, kumar kasko, ain da earthenware. A iri-iri iri na kayan samar da wuya a bayyana, su amfani faruwa a rayuwar yau da kullum, a cikin art da kuma kimiyya, a wuraren aiki. A sakamakon ciminti ne albarkatun kasa don ƙirƙirar Mixes da tubali karewa kayan. Rarraba mai, lubricants dangane silicone mahadi iya rage gogayya a cikin motsi sassa na da yawa sunadaran. Silicides saboda musamman Properties a m kafofin watsa labarai counter (acid, yanayin zafi) ana amfani da ko'ina a masana'antu. Su lantarki, da makaman nukiliya da kuma sinadaran Manuniya la'akari da masana a kan hadaddun productions, taka ba karamin rawar da tsarin da silicon zarra.

Mun jera mafi high-tech da kuma ci-gaba zuwa ranar aikace-aikace. Mafi na kowa, wanda aka samar a cikin manyan yawa fasaha da silicon da ake amfani a hanyoyi da dama:

1. Kamar yadda albarkatun kasa domin samar da wani m abu.
2. Domin alloying metallurgical masana'antu: gaban silicon qara bijirewarsu, inganta lalata juriya da kuma inji karfin (tare da wani wuce haddi na wannan kashi, gami iya zama ma gaggautsa).
3. Kamar yadda wani deoxidizer for cire wuce haddi da oxygen daga karfe.
4. Raw Materials for samar da silanes (Si mahadi da kwayoyin abubuwa).
5. Domin hydrogen samar da silicon-baƙin ƙarfe gami.
6. Production na hasken rana bangarori.

Manyan darajar da abu da kuma ga al'ada aiki na mutum kwayoyin. Silicon tsarin, da kaddarorin ne a cikin wannan yanayin hukunci. A wannan yanayin, wani ragi ko rashin shi take kaiwa zuwa tsanani cututtuka.

A jikin mutum

Medicine na dogon lokaci ta amfani da silicon matsayin bactericidal da antiseptic. Amma tare da dukan amfanin waje amfani da wannan kashi dole ne a kullum sabunta a cikin jikin mutum. A al'ada matakin na da abun ciki zai inganta rayuwar in general. A taron na rashin fiye da 70 alama abubuwa da kuma bitamin suna metabolized da jiki, wanda yake shi ne muhimmanci ƙananan juriya ga wani iri-iri cututtuka. A mafi yawan silicon aka lura a kashi, fata, tendons. Ya taka rawar da wani tsarin kashi da ke goyon bayan da ƙarfi, kuma ba elasticity. All kwarangwal wuya nama kafa a kudi na ta mahadi. A sakamakon kwanan nan nazarin samu wani silicon abun ciki a cikin koda, pancreas da connective nama. Rawar da wadannan mutane a cikin aiki na jiki ne quite manyan, don haka rage da abun ciki ne detrimental tasiri a kan da yawa key Manuniya na abincinsu. A rana tare da abinci da kuma ruwan jiki ya sami 1 gram na silicon - wannan zai taimaka kauce wa yiwu cututtuka irin su ciwon kumburi da fata, softening na kasũsuwa, ashe, samuwar duwatsu a cikin hanta, kodan, Heart hangen nesa, gashi kuma ƙusa yanayi, atherosclerosis. Lokacin da wani isasshen matakin da abun ciki na wannan kashi ƙaruwa rigakafi, daidai a metabolism, inganta sha na da yawa abubuwa wajibi ne ga mutum kiwon lafiya. The most adadin silica - a hatsi amfanin gona, radishes, buckwheat. Zai kawo gagarumin amfani ga silicon ruwa. Don sanin da lambar kuma mita na ta yin amfani da shi ne mafi kyau tuntubar da gwani.