Potr Nikitich Tkachov: biography, da wallafe-wallafen aiki, sunayen laƙabi, ra'ayin siyasa,

Petr Nikitich Tkachev (1844-1885) - sanannen Rasha neman sauyi akidar populism. A labarin da aka tattauna a daki-daki, ya biography, views da kuma ra'ayoyin.

Ƙananan yara, da kuma matashi shekaru

Petr Nikitich Tkachev aka haife kan Yuni 29, 1844 a Pskov lardin (kauyen Sivtsova). Uwãyensa sun kasance cikin komai a fili gentry. Bitrus na farko Nikititch ziyarci 2nd Petersburg dakin motsa jiki. Sa'an nan, daga biyar sa na nahawu makaranta a 1861 ya sa suna a St. Petersburg University da dokar ta baiwa. Duk da haka, da nazari ba da Bitrus Tkachev. Gaskiyar ita ce, a wannan lokaci na dalibi tashin fara, sakamakon jami'a aka rufe. Daga cikin sauran aiki mahalarta a wadannan tarzoma Tkachev aka bayar da farko a cikin Bitrus da Bulus sansanin soja (a watan Oktoba), sa'an nan a cikin Kronstadt, daga abin da ya aka saki a watan Disamba.

Tsaro na sabawa rubuce-rubucensu, da alama na neman sauyi views

Da sarki ya umarta a bar Peter Nikitich a cikin babban birnin kasar danƙa wa mahaifiyarsa. Tkachev ba da damar ci gaba da karatu a jami'a. Duk da haka, shekara bakwai daga baya, ya har yanzu wuce jarrabawa a matsayin wani waje dalibi, ya gabatar da sabawa rubuce-rubucensu, kuma ya kasance wani dan takarar na dama. Da ɗan baya, a sukar Lavrov domin ganin cewa ya aka yi ware daga juyin juya halin Musulunci motsi, Peter Nikitich rubuta game da kansa da cewa tun cikin dakin motsa jiki bai san wani al'umma, fãce ga waɗanda samari da suke kamu da dalibi taron, shirya karatu dakuna, da kuma Lahadi da makarantu, masana'antu ma saduwa da gona da haka. on. Ya ya kasance kullum ba kawai su, amma daga cikinsu, ko da lokacin da na ke a kagara. Peter Nikitich mayar da hankali a kan nan da nan bayani da wasu matsaloli na neman sauyi motsi kafa halayyar siffofin da ya gurguzu ra'ayi.

Hannu a cikin juyin juya halin Musulunci kwadago

Tkachev a lokacin da yake horo a dakin motsa jiki a fara karanta gurguzu wallafe-wallafe. Ya zama Mai ƙididdigewa ga littattafanmu na Herzen da Ogarev, articles Dobrolyubov da Chernyshevsky. Tuni a cikin farkon ayoyin da suka shafi cikin 1860-62 biennium. (Wasu daga cikinsu, suka tafi zuwa cikin jerin), Tkachev sanar da baƙauye juyin juya halin. Ya karshe samu a kan hanyar juyin juya halin tun 1861. Tun wannan lokacin Tkachev aka rayayye da hannu a cikin dalibi motsi, tare da sakamakon cewa da yawa sau hõre tsaro, search, tambaya. Peter Nikitich ya kullum a karkashin 'yan sanda kula. Ya aka bauta wa wani kurkuku jumla kusan a kowace shekara.

A 1862, shi kuwa ta buɗe ta membobinsu zuwa da'irar L. Olszewski. Wannan da'irar da aka shirya don buga da dama leaflets, wanda ya kira kifar da sarki. A 1865 da kuma 1866 Petr Nikitich Tkachev ya kusa cikin kungiyar I. A. Hudyakova kuma NA Ishutina, da kuma a 1867 da kuma 1868 - to "Rublevskoe al'umma", wanda mambobin dauki a kan farfaganda a cikin sunan itinerant malamai. Haka kuma an sani cewa Bitrus Tkachev a 1868 mallakar ƙungiya "Smorgon", wanda yake shi ne ya riga kungiyar kafa S. G. Nechaevym. Sa'an nan, a cikin 1868-1869 gg., Peter Nikitich tare da Nechayev ya memba na kwamitin shirya na St. Petersburg dalibi motsi.

A farkon da wallafe-wallafen aiki

A Yuni 1862 ya fara wallafe-wallafen aiki Petra Nikiticha. Ya wallafa wani littafi da basira da aka saukar a cikin 60s. Kamar yadda wani msar tambayar neman sauyi Narodnichestvo, m sukar lamiri da kuma marubuci Tkachev hadin guiwa da dama m mujallu. Ya kamata a lura da cewa a cikin na farko da na articles kishin zargi da shari'a garambawul, wadda gwamnati ta yi mãkirci, musamman da juyin juya halin Musulunci-demokra] iyya adawa yanayi. Su aka buga a mujallar "Epoch" da kuma "Time" Dostoevsky 'yan'uwa, kazalika a cikin "Library domin Karatun".

Saba da rubuce-rubucen da Marx

A yawan articles halitta, a cikin tsawon daga 1862 zuwa 1864, Peter Nikitich samarwa da ra'ayin canza data kasance zamantakewa dangantakar a Rasha a kan gurguzu ka'idojin da ilimi cibiyar sadarwa da na'urorin ƙasar da masana'antu da ƙungiyoyi, musamman a cikin inda ba wanda yake zaune asashe. Kusa da wannan lokaci, sai ya sadu da wasu daga cikin ayyukan Karla Marksa Petr Nikitich Tkachev.

Tarihinsa cikin Disamba 1865 alama cewa "Rasha kalmar" karo na farko a cikin doka labaru na kasar mu dage farawa daga cikin babban sabawa rubuce-rubucensu na Marx hade da jari ganewa na tarihi, wanda ya gabatar a cikin gabatarwar da "sharhi na siyasa Tattalin Arziki". Ya kamata a lura cewa da wannan lokaci Tkachev ya riga na yau da kullum wajen bayar da gudunmawar biyu demokra] iyya mujallu ( "Business" da "Rasha Word"). Ya zahiri nasara kamar yadda Pisarev, wanda aka sanya a cikin Bitrus da Bulus sansanin soja. A bisa rubutun Peter Nikitich ciyar a nan gaba, dama? a cikin fassarar, da ɗan Sauki.

Yin Tkachev ra'ayi

A 1868, Tkachev P. N. Na buga shatan na kasa da kasa a translation (a cikin appendix da littafin da Beker), kazalika da doka na National Bank of Proudhon. Peter Nikitich ra'ayoyi da ƙarshen 1860s ɓullo da wani takamaiman ra'ayi. Ya kira ga 'yan siyasa da zamantakewa juyin juya halin a kasar. Wannan ra'ayi da aka bayyana, a cikin buga da'irar Tkachev, kuma Nechaev "Shirin na neman sauyi mataki."

Bitrus da Bulus kagarar

Dole ne in ce cewa da yawa daga abin da ya rubuta Tkachev PN mashaya, ko kada ka wuce ta cikin katsalandan yanayi, ko aka zaba a yawa wanda aka kama. Lokacin, a lokacin na gaba dalibi tashin (a cikin Maris 1869) Tkachev aka kama a sake, ya tura da zarar 3 wallafe-wallafen zargin. A farko daga gare su - da halittar kuma da littafin da wani roko "ga jama'a!", Wanne ya gabatar da bukatun na dalibai; na biyu - don bazawa na tarin karkashin sunan "Ray", da aka buga a maimakon na haramta "Rasha kalmar". da na uku - domin ganin cewa ya buga littafin "The aiki tambaya" E. Beker. A wannan lokaci Bitrus da Bulus sansanin soja Peter Nikitich ya ga wani wuri da ake tsare da kusan shekaru hudu. A farkon 1873 Tkachev aika zuwa gudun hijira a Great Luka gida. Daga can, sai ya gudu a} asashen waje tare da taimakon M. Kupriyanov, kuma juyin juya halin Musulunci.

Rayuwa kasashen waje, da shawara tare da Engels, kuma Lavrov

Magazine aiki, ta katse a kama shi, aka sabunta in 1872. Tkachev sake fara buga su articles a cikin "tafarkin". Duk da haka, ya bai sa hannu su da sunansa da kuma daban-daban pseudonyms (All guda, P. Grachioli, P. Gy Lee, Lean PN, PN Nyon, P. Nikitin).

A London, kuma Geneva Peter Nikitich lokaci daya yi aiki tare da P. L. Lavrovym (ya hoto ne da aka sama) a cikin shiri domin buga mujallar "Forward!". Duk da haka, ya riga ya matakai na farko dauka a zaman talala, da alama wani tsanani shawara tare da Engels, kuma Lavrov. A 1874 a Zurich da kuma London da aka buga Tkachev kasida "neman sauyi farfaganda ayyuka ..." da "Open harafi Fridrihu Engelsu." The shawara wannan nan da nan sa Peter Nikitich a wani zama ruwan dare matsayin kasashen waje.

Hijira Wallafe-wallafe Engels, Lavrov da kuma wasu tsaya a wani dan kadan daban-daban matsayi fiye da Bitrus Nikitich. Jigon da bambancin ra'ayi a tsakanin biyu ne cewa Tkachev dauke da gwagwarmayar siyasa a matsayin wani muhimmin bukata kafun na gaba juyin juya halin. Duk da haka, da rawar da talakawa a cikin abin da ya underestimated abin da ba su iya yarda da yawa Rasha, sunã mãsu hijira. A cewar shi, da juyin juya halin Musulunci da 'yan tsirarun dole lashe ikon, kafa wani sabon jihar, don gudanar da wani mai neman sauyi canji, bayyana bukatun da mutane. A karshen iya kawai amfana daga sakamakon. Peter Tkachev kuskure a cikin ra'ayi cewa daular mulkinsu yana da wani zaman jama'a ƙasa a Rasha, da cewa shi ne, ba domin moriyar wani musamman aji. Friedrich Engels, bi da bi, a cikin articles ya rubuta sukar Tkachev ya ce ra'ayoyi da cewa ya dauke tausayin.

littafin na mujallar "Ƙararrawa"

Peter Nikitich, fitowa daga "Forward!", Found magoya bayan daga cikin da'irar "Cercle Bawa" (a translation - "Slavic da'irar"), wanda a hade Rasha-Polish baƙi. Tare da su taimako, Tkachev, a 1875 ya fara buga mujallar "Ƙararrawa" a Geneva. A cikin wannan mujallar, ya dauki matsayi na edita. Wannan edition ne Jacobin Gabar shugabanci kusa Blanquism, mai neman sauyi populism. Tkachev a cikin wannan lokaci ya nuna a fili gurguzu ra'ayoyi, da tattauna game da al'amurran da suka shafi na msar tambayar baratar da gurguzanci, dabara da kuma dabarun da juyin juya halin Musulunci gwagwarmaya. A cikin mujallar "Ƙararrawa" Peter Nikitich gudanar da baki kawai tare da P. L. Lavrovym kuma M. A. Bakuninym. Da ra'ayoyin, wanda da farko ba su da yawa tasiri, kuma sau da yawa irritating, ya fara samun magoya bayan ƙarshen 1870s. Haka ya faru kamar yadda suka faru, sunã mãsu jũyãwa da Rasha yunkuri zuwa siyasa da ayyuka na zamantakewa da kuma bukatun da juyin juya halin Musulunci gwagwarmaya.

"Mutane na Liberation Society"

A 1877, Peter Nikitich tare da mabiyansa gudanar ya shirya wani "National Liberation Society." Wannan shi ne tsananin conspiratorial jam'iyya da aka halitta ta amfani da Blanquist Communards daga Faransa (Cournet F., Granger E., E. Vaillant et al.). A Company sansanonin da ayyukan a kan wasu Rasha da'irori (misali, I. M. Kovalskogo a Odessa da Zaichnevsky Orel). Tkachev, a 1880, ya yi aiki a cikin jaridar "Ba Allah kuma master" Blanqui.

Duk da haka, nuna bambanci da Bitrus Nikitich zauna da karfi. Saboda haka cewa "Narodnaya Volya" (a cikin kalmomi V. I. Lenina, da ayyukan da aka shirya akidar Tkachev) ƙaryata wani ƙawance da "Ƙararrawa", wanda a baya aka yi tsammani. "Nabat" daina bazawa bayan wata gajeruwar saki a 1881, a wata jarida.

Bazawa karkashin daban-daban pseudonyms

Tkachev, zaune a ƙasashen waje, ya ci gaba da za a buga a cikin doka Rasha tura karkashin daban-daban pseudonyms, wanda (duk da wannan, Grachioli P. et al.), Muna riga aka jera. Kamar yadda daya daga cikin key ma'aikata "yi" Peter Nikitich ta buga da yawa articles a kan falsafar, dokar, tarihi, pedagogy, tattalin arziki da sauransu. Duk da haka, da zarar na edita na wannan mujalla, GE Blagosvetlov mutu, hadin gwiwa ba haka ba ne na yau da kullum. All articles wuya bayyana Tkachev. Yana da jũna da cewa wallafe-wallafen da kuma neman sauyi aiki Petra Nikiticha fades, amma a zahiri ba haka yake ba.

Don kwanan wata, mun koya wasu sababbin abubuwa game da karshe shekaru ransa a gudun hijira Tkachev. Sun bayar da shawarar cewa Rasha wallafe-wallafen sukar lamiri da kuma juyin juya halin Musulunci ya ci gaba da rayayye haifar. Kwanan nan na gudanar ya gano gurguzu jaridar "Ƙararrawa" ( "Le Tocsin"), wanda aka buga a cikin ta Kudu na Faransa (a Narbonne) a 1882. Editorials ga shi an rubuta Tkachev, yanã bõye sunan karkashin pseudonym "Gracchus". Mafi m, da sanarwa a latsa za a iya daukan karshe.

Tun Nuwamba 1882 Tkachev, cutar ta cigaban, tare da sakamakon cewa ya kasance a cikin asibiti. Peter Nikitich mutu a Paris a kan Disamba 23, 1885. Zabi aiki da shi har abada a cikin tarihi na juyin juya halin.

Ra'ayoyinsu na falsafa Tkachev

A duban farko, a cikin irin wannan arziki da kuma bambancin ayyuka Tribune-jarida-siyasa ne wani dakin tsanani falsafa ko ta ne da aka ba a ƙarƙashin, zalla mai haɗari rawa. Lalle ne, daga m ma'ana kanta Petr Nikitich Tkachev, a fili, shi ya ba mu wani dalili ga wannan zato. Bayan duk, ya kasance mai zafin sukar duk falsafa tsarin.

Duk da haka, a daya daga cikin na farko articles (as aka buga a 1863 "Dokar metaphysics") Tkachev ta shirin na garambawul falsafa. Ya ce cewa bukatar da za a gina a gaskiya, m, rayuwa da falsafa, wanda shi ne dan hanya zuwa kowane irin metaphysics. Yana dole ne mahaɗi a tare da sassa na ilimomin kimiyyar zamantakewa, a kan tilas a narkar. Wannan falsafa ne da zamantakewa, zaman kimiyya. Yana dole amfana da jama'a.

Tkachev a matsayin marubuci sau da yawa ya zo a mayar da matsala da kyau falsafa. A nasa ra'ayin, ya kamata ya kasance da dalilin da canji na duniya, kimiyya da makami, da zuciyar mai gaskiya duniya. Kamar yadda wani dan siyasa Petr Nikitich Tkachev musamman ɓullo da matsaloli na juyin juya hali, ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a, adalci da kuma m tsarin zamantakewa. Sai ya kira falsafa matsayi na "hakikanci" (ko rationality).

Ga wani m mutum da aka Petr Nikitich Tkachev. Ban sha'awa abubuwa game da shi kusan duk alaka da juyin juya hali, to wanda ya sadaukar da dukan rai.