Epochal shekaru. A zamanin mulkin Ivan da Munin

A cikin tarihi na Rasha a lokacin 1547-1583 taka muhimmiyar rawa. Wadannan shekaru (sarauta Ivana Groznogo) dangantaka da jama'a, musamman da sananne oprichnina. Kuma ta gaske da wani muhimmin tasiri a kan m siyasa, zamantakewa da kuma ci gaban tattalin arziki na Moscow jiha. Duk da haka, da sauran muhimmanci a lura da sikelin-canje da suka faru a cikin wadannan shekaru. A zamanin mulkin Ivan da Munin aka tare da bambancin da sake fasalin Kanmu da gwamnatin wata irin lokacinsa - zabi Rada. Da gaske, duk da canje-canje da aka yi niyya centralizing jihar da kuma kara yin halitta ba, a gaskiya, na kowa jama'a domin da kuma Tsarin fadin kasar. A wannan yanayi, babu daban-daban fiye da wani abu na musamman da wadannan shekaru. Ivana Groznogo sarautar ne da a cikin kwanon rufi-Turai Trend zuwa cikakken daular mulkinsu, wanda ya fara a matsayin farkon a matsayin High tsakiyar zamanai. Ga kamata mu ambaci wani dalili, wanda mai yiwuwa nufi Ivan Grozny. A zamanin mulkin mahaifinsa da gada, Vasily III, alama da manyan sikelin-m tawaye. Kuma a cikin 1547 da yan zanga-zanga ko ya yi ƙarfin halin kashe wani wakilin gidan sararta, outraged arbitrariness na boyars. A bayyane yake cewa jihar yana bukatar gyara. Da farko, shari'a da kuma administrative.

Garambawul aiki zaba farin ciki

wani irin unofficial gwamnatin tare da sarki da aka halitta domin ganin ta a raga, wadda sarrafa daga 1547 zuwa 1560. Duk da sauye-sauye da aka yi niyya a kafa a gaskiya a ingantaccen komai haqqinsa jihar tsarin a Muscovy, shan iko da halin da ake ciki a kasar, a karkashin shugabancin tsakiya ikon, da kawar da vestiges na mulkin gargajiya jayayya, da sauransu. A abun da ke ciki na na yau da kullum gwamnatin hada da wasu daga cikin nobility, da boyars, da shugabanninsu na ruhaniya. Babban canje-canje su ne wadannan:

1. Shari'a garambawul. Boyarsky kotu iya daina yin hukunci a kansu boyars, wannan dama da aka canjawa wuri zuwa ga m hurumin kotun na sarki. A sabon Code of Law, ɓullo Rada, shafe ta da wani yawan shari'a gata na mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji kuma tãyar da darajar da tsakiyar tasoshin. Domin da farko lokacin da babban da kawai tushen dokar da aka zayyana dokar. Wannan ne narkar m hakkokin, indulge boyar arbitrariness.
2. Zemstvo garambawul canja wurin zuwa birni sashen ko alƙarya al'ummomi kai-management: tattara haraji da kuma rike nasu domin. Bugu da ƙari kuma, noma al'umma an gane da daidaita hakkoki birni. Yanzu duk ta zabi - kauyen headmen, Dvorsky - dauke ma'aikata na jihar.
3. Tsaro garambawul - watakila mafi muhimmanci, wanda aka lura a zamanin mulkin Ivana Groznogo. Yana sanar da manufa na wajibi sabis nobility. A 1550 an halitta strelets sojoji, a karon farko a cikin Rasha asashe. Muhimmanci shi ne dokar soke gwamna a sau da tashin.

oprichnina

Duk da haka, duk da aikin, da boyars, da nufin centralizing jihar, don su nan da nan ya zo da m shekaru. A zamanin mulkin Ivan da Munin a karshe zamani da aka alama ta duka tsõro a kan aristocracy. Sarkin tunanin cewa ya gyara aikinsa, sun yi jinkirin, cewa mambobi ne na gwamnati da gangan ta jinkirta yin cikakkar ikonsa. A farkon shekarun 1960s, sarki ya yanke hukuncin zuwa kafada. Ya Halicci sosai docile jiki fama guardsmen wanda kawai fara jiki halakar da wakilan da nobility.