Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich, jama'ar kasar Commissar: biography, awards, photos

Litvinov ya da jama'ar kasar Commissar harkokin wajen na Tarayyar Soviet a 1930-1939 shekaru. A wannan lokacin, da Tarayyar Soviet ta yi a karshe amincewa da al'ummar kasa da kasa.

farkon shekaru

A nan gaba Mutane ta Commissar Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich aka haife kan Yuli 17, 1876 zuwa Yahudawa iyali. Ilimi boy samu a cikin wani real makaranta na Bialystok. Wannan ya biyo ta shekaru biyar da sabis a cikin sojojin. Native zuwa Litvinov zama 17th Caucasian dakaru rajimanti dake da sansani a Baku.

A 1898 ta bi ta demobilization. Sa'an nan Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich shiga RSDLP. Isa a Kiev, ya zama memba na gida jam'iyyar kwamitin. An muhimmanci na aikin a kafa Litvinov ya ba bisa doka ba bugu gidan, wanda buga yakin neman kayan. Leaflets da brochures yi nufi ga gida ma'aikata da manoma.

The kama da gudun hijira daga Rasha

A 1901, da tsarist asirin 'yan sanda sa ido Kiev Socialists aiki buga ba bisa doka ba abu. Biye da aka kama. Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich ya a kurkuku. Amma a gaba, a cikin 1902, ya, tare da wani 10 sahabbai tsere daga kurkuku. Da zarar free, juyin juya halin Musulunci, hijira zuwa m Switzerland, wanda ta sa'an nan ya zama gida ga mutane da yawa shugabannin jam'iyyar. Akwai Litvinov tsunduma a sananne. Ya zama daya daga cikin key rabawa na jaridar "Iskra" a Rasha.

A 1903 akwai sanannen II jam'iyyar Congress, a da jam'iyyar raba biyu ƙungiyõyin - Bolshevik da Menshevik. Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich shiga Lenin da magoya bayansa. A lokaci guda ya kiyaye abota da camaraderie tare da wasu Mensheviks, ciki har da Vera Zasulich, Leon Trotsky, Yuliem Martovym, da sauransu. D.

A farko juyin juya halin

Ba da da ewa dogon-jiran Rasha juyin juya halin. A 1905, da Bolsheviks a kudi na kasashen waje kudi shirya samar da makamai proletarian kungiyoyin adawa da hukumomi a Rasha. Wannan aiki ya kai ga ciki har da Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. Brief biography jam'iyyar functionary a lokacin da aka wani misali da wani mutum tsunduma a wani yawa daban-daban administrative chores.

Rich kwarewa ya yarda Litvinov a nan gaba a cikin mafi karfi Elite cewa mulki Soviet jihar a kan hakkin da "gama ikon". Aika makamai zuwa Rasha ya da wani m aiki. Biyu jiragen ruwa, domin da kayan aiki posted Litvinov, ƙarshe gudu aground, da kuma kafin a kai a tashar jiragen ruwa.

A Birtaniya,

Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na Oganeza Litvinov yi aiki tare da Camo. A Bolsheviks lokacin farko da Rasha juyin juya halin ne ke da alhakin samar da makamai. Lokacin da wani sanannen tawaye ya zo da kõme ba, Kamo suka tsunduma a sabõda wa kanta ba bisa doka ba kasuwanci. Ya bayansa da tsabar kudi wasanni saboda looting na jihar cibiyoyin. Saboda haka Tiflis expropriation da aka shirya a 1907. Yana halarci Koba - Stalin nan gaba.

Litvinov, kazalika da sauran yan'uwansu a cikin jam'iyyar jin dadin da wawushe kudi a Rasha bankuna. A 1908, ya aka kama a Faransa. Dalilin da ake tsare da aka sace daga wani lissafin da cewa kokarin canza wani Bolshevik. Faransa ta fitar da Litvinov a Birtaniya. A na gaba shekaru goma, har sai da na gaba juyin juya hali, Litvinov zaune a Landan.

Fara diplomasiyya aiki

Bayan da Bolsheviks zo ikon, gamayyar kasa da kasa shi ne shubuha mayar da martani kan sabon gwamnatin Rasha. Birtaniya ki gane Soviet tsarin mulki. Duk da haka, wannan bai hana kasashen ta hanyar na yau da kullum lamba wakilan. A London tabbatar zama Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. Kwamishinan, tsohon shugaban Soviet ma'aikatar harkokin wajen kasar a cikin 30s, ya fara diplomasiyya aiki a lokaci guda.

Litvinov ya mai ma'ana zabi. Ya rayu tsawon shekaru da dama a London, ya san harshen Turanci da kuma gida hakikar. Gwamnatin Birtaniya ba a tuntube shi kai tsaye ta hanyar jihar cibiyoyin, amma ya sa a cikin sabon na Rasha musamman hukuma. Tun a Turai da yaki da aka har yanzu faruwa tsakanin kasashen na Entente da kuma Jamus, da hukumomi da su tabbatar su san abin da ke faruwa a Petrograd da Moscow.

case Lockhart

Sadarwa da firaministan kasar Arthur Balfour ta hanyar lura da mutum, Maksim Maksimovich Litvinov sanar da shi game da Lenin da jam'iyyar yanke shawara. The jami'in diflomasiyyar ya cikin igiyar ruwa saboda gaskiyar cewa sabon Soviet gwamnati wa'adi, wa'adi mai speedy yawan jama'ar duniya, wanda nufi shiga wani raba yarjejeniya tare da Jamusawan. Amma a farko da hali daga Bolsheviks a London ya quite m.

A watan Janairu na shekarar 1918, Birtaniya aika zuwa Rasha da sabon wakilin. Suka zama Robert Lockhart. Litvinov, ya sadu da shi a London, ya ba shi wani rubutu rakiyar sunan Trotsky, wanda ya yi magana gaskiya ma game da wannan Manzo. Bayan 'yan watanni da Birtaniya da aka kama da kuma fitar da su daga ƙasar domin leƙo asirin ƙasa. Ya harka, tare da yunkurin Lenin, shi ne hujjar farkon na Red Ta'addanci. Gwamnatin Birtaniya, a mayar da martani ga kama ta, jakadan kama Litvinov. Ya shafe kwanaki 10 a kurkuku, bayan da ya aka amince musayar for Lockhart.

The People ta Commissariat harkokin wajen kasar

Back a Rasha, Maksim Maksimovich Litvinov fara aiki kai tsaye a cikin Commissariat harkokin waje na kasar. Wa maigidan ya dade da shugaban wannan sashen, Georgy Chicherin. Jakadan ya halarci yawa tattaunawar tare da Entente kasashen. Ya yi kokarin kafa dangantakar tare da wadannan kasashe bayan da Tarayyar Soviet gwamnatin hannu raba Brest da zaman lafiya tare da Kaiser ta Jamus. Farkon karbo daga yaki duk da m wajibai na dogon lokaci hasãra da suna na Bolsheviks a cikin idanu na Yammacin jari hujja kasashen.

A 1920, Lenin nada sabon Soviet plenipotentiary wakilin a Estonia. Suka zama Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. A biography wannan mutumin yana cike da dukan tafiye-tafiye. Baltic jihohin bayan da yakin basasa a Rasha, samu 'yancin kai. Yanzu muna bukatar mu gina Litvinov yanã daga gare su da cikakken sabon dangantaka, ba tare da game da na sarki baya.

mataimakin Chicherina

A farkon zamanin na Soviet diflomasiyya a cikin lambobin kasance kaɗan, irin Shots kamar yadda Maksim Maksimovich Litvinov. Revolutionary, jami'in diflomasiyyar, wani mutum na da fadi da ilimi - shi ne "haihuwa" Bolshevik da kuma jin dadin babba amincewa daga kasar shugabanci. Shi ne ba abin mamaki bane cewa a 1921 aka nada mataimakin jama'ar kasar Commissar harkokin wajen kasar.

Litvinov da wuya dangantakar da madaukakan Chicherin. Dukansu sun mambobi ne na Politburo da kuma saman Soviet jagoranci tarurruka sau da yawa soki yanke shawara na juna. Kowane functionary rubuta slanderous incriminating bayanin kula a kan abokin hamayyarsa.

LURA game da amincewar da Tarayyar Soviet

A 1922, kasashen turai, tare da RSFSR gudanar da Genoa taron, wanda ya fara aiwatar da ya san kuma hadewa na Soviet gwamnati a duniya siyasa. Daya daga cikin mambobin} ungiyar daga Moscow ya Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. Taqaitaccen Tarihin wannan mutumin ne wani misali da wani model Soviet jami'in diflomasiyyar lokaci 20-30th.

Bayan da taro a Genoa mataimakin commissar sanya shugaban Moscow Conference on Kwance bayan farko na duniya, wanda ya samu halartar wakilai daga kasashen makwabta - Finland, Poland, Lithuania da Estonia, da Latvia. Podnatorevshy Litvinov a cikin wannan al'amari, a cikin Bugu da kari, ya fara aiki a cikin League of Nations. Lokacin da Rasha ta karshe an gane da gamayyar kasa da kasa, Litvinov, da Soviet gefen fara kai na kasa da kasa kan Hukumar Kwance a wannan muhimmanci jiki - Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gada.

Stalin ta Commissar

A 1930 Chicherin aka sallame daga post na ministan harkokin waje na Tarayyar Soviet. Wannan post aka shagaltar da mataimakinsa Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. The People ta Commissar Stalin zamanin kokarin bi manufar detente tare da West. Yana da ya juya daga daidai muddin Stalin ya yanke shawarar ya lokaci zuwa matsawa kusa da Hitler.

Stalin a farkon 30s da gaske bukatar wani kyau jami'in diflomasiyyar, Litvinov Maxim. Photo Commissar kullum samun a Yammacin jaridu a lokacin da ya m tafiye-tafiye a kasashen waje. Ya kai a kai tafiya zuwa Amurka, sunã nẽman Washington ta fitarwa game da amincewar da Tarayyar Soviet. A karshe a shekara ta 1933, godiya ga kokarin da mutane ta commissar, aka kafa hukuma Soviet-American dangantakar.

Marubuci kuma dan jarida

Abin da kuma aka yi a matsayin shugaban diflomasiyyar Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich? Books cewa jama'ar kasar Commissar a mai yawa da rubuce-rubuce a cikin 30s, suka ce shi ne wani gogaggen sharhi. Ya kasance marubucin yawa wasu 'yan takardu da articles.

Litvinov rubuta ba kawai da kansa, amma kuma izini da littafin da wasu rawa. A shekarar 1931, lokacin da Japan sun kai hari da kasar Sin, da jama'ar kasar Commissar "da aka gudanar a" cikin "News" anti-militarist waka Demian matalauta. Wannan shirin ba son Stalin, wanda bai sani ba yadda za a yi amfani da yanayin da ake ciki a Far East. Bayan wannan episode, da Politburo Allah wadai da hukuncin, wanda da gangan ya dauki Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. Works sanya hannu sunansa bayan da aukuwar lamarin, an buga kawai bayan game da ra'ayin shugaba.

korar

Yana gabatowa yaki, kuma a halin yanzu, Stalin halshen wani taro tsaftacewa a cikin mafi girman jihar shugabanci. Kusan duk kasa Kwamishinonin an ko ta yaya kama da hukuncin kisa. Litvinov yi sa'a - ya tsira, kawai rasa ya post. A 1939 da ya yi da wani rikici da Vyacheslav Molotov - Shugaban gwamnatin, da kuma Stalin hannun dama. Lokacin da karshen sallami Litvinov, wurin da aka Molotov, wanda nan da nan ya sanya hannu a ba ta'adi yarjejeniya tare da Nazi Jamus.

A lokacin babban Patriotic War, kamar yadda jakadan Amurka da Cuba ya Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. The People ta Commissariat da ta kasashen mu'amala da Amurka lokacin da ta shiga yaƙi da jamus. Wasu masu bincike sun lura da cewa, shi ya fara wani amfani da makamai rikici da Hitler, Litvinov ceto daga kama da kisa. A NKVD da kuma yin ya abu, amma shi ya ba aka kawo ga ƙarshe.

Litvinov da ta'addanci

Dã akwai kasance wani abu da ya yi tare Stalinist tsõro kanta Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich? "Family" na Bolsheviks raba a cikin 20s, da kuma nan gaba Commissar sa'an nan goyon Stalin, kuma ta haka ya iya hawa da kamfanoni tsani.

Kuma, misali, a lokacin da a 1934 Stalin dakatar da saki na kasar zo daga Birtaniya masanin kimiyya Petra Kapitsu, cewa Litvinov rubuta wasiƙu zuwa Cambridge, barata ta management bayani. Mutane ta Commissar ya m haƙĩ daga nufin shugaba, daidai da matsayin su, da kuma iko.

The jami'in diflomasiyyar tsaya aiki aiki a shekarar 1946, a lokacin da ya gabata. Na zauna a Moscow. Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich, awards wanda sun hada da Order of Lenin da Order of Red Banner of Labour, ya mai ritaya Union darajar. Ya mutu Disamba 31, 1951 na wani ciwon zuciya.