Cooper, James Fenimore: takaice dai biography, littattafan

Kuper Dzheyms Fenimor - da aka sani mawallafi, marubucin 33 litattafan. Ya style hada abubuwa na romanticism da kuma fadakarwa. Na dogon lokaci aikin Cooper, shi ne personification na American kasada wallafe-wallafe. Hakika, kafin ya rubuta irin ayyukan. Amma Fenimore shi ne na farko marubuci, acclaimed Turai masu sauraro. Littafan sun zama wani ɓangare na da'irar moriyar yawan adadin yara. Wannan labarin ne taƙaitaccen biography na marubuci, kuma ya bayyana ta key samfurin.

yara

Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper aka haife shi a 1789 a Burlington (New Jersey). Yaron ta mahaifinsa kuwa manyan mallaki gidaje. } Ananan yara, daga nan gaba marubuci da aka gudanar a kauyen Cooperstown aka located a Jihar New York, ta lake. Ya aka mai suna a cikin girmamawa James 'uba. Hakika, da asalin na bar wani bugu a kan samuwar ra'ayin siyasa, da gwarzo wannan labarin. Fenimore fĩfĩta hanyar rayuwa "karkara mutum" ya kuma kasance mai taimako ga manyan kadarori. A mulkin demokra ƙasar da sake fasalin nasaba kawai tare da sha musantawa demagoguery da bourgeois acquisitiveness.

Nazarin da kuma tafiyarka

Kuper Dzheyms Fenimor, da farko aka ilimi a gida makaranta, sa'an nan ya halarci Yale College. Bayan samun digiri saurayin da bashi da marmarin ya ci gaba da karatunsa. Goma sha bakwai shekara haihuwa James ya zama ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa a kan wani m, kuma daga baya a cikin Navy. A nan gaba marubuci haye tekun Atlantic, tafiya mai yawa. Fenimore ma ya yi karatu da Great Lakes, wanda zai bayyana tasirinta ayyukansu. A waɗannan shekaru, ya tara mai yawa abu don ya wallafa aiki a wani iri-iri na rai abubuwan.

Early aiki

A 1810, bayan mahaifinsa jana'iza, Kuper Dzheyms Fenimor aure, ya zaunar da tare da iyalinsa a cikin wani karamin gari Skarsdeyle. Shekaru goma daga baya, da ya rubuta na farko labari kira "rigakafi". Daga baya, James tuno haka, ya halicci wani aiki "a kan wani fare." Fenimore matarsa kuwa m na Turanci labari. Saboda haka, gwarzo wannan labarin raha-poluserozno fara rubuta irin wannan littafin.

"Spy"

War of Independence - shi ke da taken, wanda shi ne mai sha'awar a lokacin Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper. "Spy", rubuta ta da shi a cikin 1821, aka gaba ɗaya kishin wannan batun. Patriotic labari, marubucin ya kawo ɗaukaka mai girma. Za mu iya cewa wannan aiki Cooper cika wõfintattu a cikin kasa adabi, da kuma nuna ta jagororin domin nan gaba bunkasa. Daga wannan lokacin a kan Fenimore na yanke shawarar ya kebe kansa da wallafe-wallafen aiki. Kan gaba shekaru shida, da ya rubuta da dama litattafan, ciki har da uku ayyukan kunshe a wani nan gaba Pentalog da Fata kara haja. Amma za mu magana game da su dabam.

Turai

A 1826, Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper, wanda littattafai sun kasance quite rare, ya tafi zuwa Turai. Ya rayu lokaci mai tsawo a Italiya da kuma Faransa. Har ila yau, wani marubuci kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa wasu kasashe. New abubuwan tilasta masa ya juya ga tarihi na biyu da Tsoho da Sabon Duniya. A Turai, da gwarzo wannan labarin ya rubuta biyu nautical labari ( "Sea mayya", "Red Corsair") da kuma trilogy na tsakiyar zamanai ( "The Executioner", "Geydenmauer", "Bravo").

Koma zuwa Amurka

Shekara bakwai daga baya, Kuper Dzheyms Fenimor zo gida. Lokacin da yake babu, a Amirka ya canza da yawa. A jaruntakar lokacin da juyin juya halin da ya shige, kuma ka'idojin da jawabi na Independence da aka manta. A {asar Amirka ta fara da lokacin da juyin juya halin masana'antu, wanda ya hallaka saurã daga patriarchy a dangantaka tsakanin mutane da kuma a rayuwa. "Babban halin kirki kallon masassarar" - don haka mai lakabin Cooper cuta, shiga cikin American al'umma. Fifiko mafi girma amfani da mutanen zama kudi.

[Aukaka {ara zuwa ga yan'uwanmu 'yan ƙasa

Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper, wanda littattafai da aka sani zuwa yanzu fiye da kan iyakoki na Amurka, ya yanke shawarar zuwa yi kokarin "magana da wasu ji" su 'yan'uwanmu' yan ƙasa. Ya yanzu ya yi ĩmãni da amfanin zamantakewa da siyasa tsarin na ƙasarsu, idan akai la'akari da mummunan tasirin waje, waje murdiya na farko da lafiya da kuma bisa al'ãda. Kuma Fenimore saki "Haruffa da al'umma." A cikinsu, sai ya kira zuwa yãƙi za a "gurbata".

Amma nasara ba karshen. A akasin wannan, James buga mai yawa m ƙiren ƙarya da kuma bude ƙiyayya. Bourgeois Amurka ya bar abin da ya kira unattended. Ta zargi Fenimore girman kai, quarrelsomeness, rashin kishin kasa da kuma rashin wallafe-wallafen iyawa. Bayan haka, marubuci ritaya to Cooperstown. Akwai ya ci gaba da haifar da aikin jaridar ayyukan ƙwarai, kuma litattafan.

A karshe zamani na kerawa

A wannan lokaci Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper, da cikakken ayyukan da suke a yanzu a kusan kowane library, gama na karshe biyu litattafan Pentalog da Fata kara haja ( "Deerslayer", "Pathfinder"). A 1835 ya wallafa wani satirical labari "Monokines" game da Mũnãnan ayyuka da tsirara zamantakewa da siyasa tsarin na Amurka da kuma Ingila. A cikin littafin, an samu a karkashin sunayen Nizkoprygiya da Vysokoprygiya. Har ila yau, sananne ga trilogy game da ƙasa haya ( "surveyor", "Iblis yatsa", "Redskins"), da aka buga a cikin forties. A akida da m sharuddan karshe aiki Cooper ne sosai m. Bugu da kari ga zargi da bourgeois jama'a, su dauke da aka gyara na ra'ayin mazan jiya Utopia, bada karatu da ƙarya ji "na komai a fili aristocracy." Amma, duk da wannan, marubuci ya jaddada ga m anti-bourgeois matsayi.

Pentalog Leatherstocking Stocking

Wannan jerin littattafan ne babban nasara da kerawa Cooper. Yana hada da biyar litattafan: "The Pioneers", "Prairie," "The Last na Mohicans," "Deerslayer" da "Pathfinder". dukansu suna da ha ta hanyar protagonist mai suna Nataniel Bampo. Shi ne wani mafarauci wanda yana da yawa miyãgun sunãye na laƙabõbĩ: Long Carbine, Fata kara haja, Hawkeye, Pathfinder, St. John wort. A Pentalog gabatar Bumpo dukan rayuwata - daga ƙuruciyarka har zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma Nathaniel rayuwa, saukarwa ba daidai da oda da rubuce-rubuce litattafan. James Fenimore Cooper Works wanda da duk magoya aikinsa, ya fara bayyana Bumpo rayuwa tare da tsufa. Almara ci gaba da labarin da Natty} uruciyarsa, to, akwai tsufa. Shi ne kawai bayan da wani goma sha uku shekara hiatus Cooper sake dauki sama da labarin Fata Stockings da aka bayyana a cikin matasa. Kasa mu lissafa abubuwan da samfurin Pentalog ne domin na girma gwarzo.

"Deerslayer"

Akwai Natty Bumppo kawai ashirin. Maqiyan boys ne Indiyawan daga Huron kabilar. Fada su, Natty ya gana a cikin hanyar Chingachgook. Tare da wannan Mohicans Bumpo sa abokai da zai kula da wani aminci a gare rai. A halin da ake ciki a cikin aiki wuya ta gaskiya cewa fari masõya Natty m, kuma m zuwa waje al'ummai. Su tsokane zubar da jini da tashin hankali. A ban mamaki kasada - talala, kuɓuta, fadace-fadace, bauna - wãtsa kan bango na da kyau sosai yanayi - da wooded gaba na shimmering lake, kuma ta madubi-kamar surface.

"The Last na Mohicans"

Zai yiwu mafi shahara labari da James Fenimore. A nan ne antithesis Bumpo mayaudara da kuma m shugaban na Magua. Ya sace Alice da Cora - 'ya'ya mata na Kanar Munro. Bumpo jagoranci wani kananan tawagar da ya tafi yantar kãmammu. Natty ne ma tare da Chingachgook da ɗansa Uncas. Karshe a soyayya tare da daya daga cikin satar 'yan matan (Cora), ko da yake ba musamman Cooper tasowa wannan layi. Chingachgook dan an kashe shi a yaƙi, ƙoƙarin ajiye masõyansa. The labari ƙare da halartar jana'izar Cora da Uncas (na karshe daga cikin Mohicans). Bayan Chingachgook da Natty aka aika zuwa sabon tafiya.

"Pathfinder"

A mãkirci na wannan labari ne Anglo-Faransa yaki na 1750-1760 shekaru. Its mambobi ana kokarin zamba ko cin hanci da rashawa ya jawo hankalin Indiyawan zuwa ga gefen. Chingachgook da Natty fada a kan Lake Ontario, taimaka wa 'yan'uwansu. Duk da haka, Cooper bakinka Bumpo wadai da yaki kaddamar da Turawan mulkin mallaka. Ya jaddada da meaninglessness na mutuwa a wannan yaki a matsayin Indiyawa da kuma fata. Babba aiki a ba lyric Lines. Fata Stocking soyayya da Mabel Dunham. Ta nuna yabo da godiya da karimci da ƙarfin hali da wani Scout, amma har yanzu ke zuwa Jasper, wanda shi ne kusa da ta halin da shekaru. Masanan basu ji dadin, Natty bar yamma.

"Pioneers"

Wannan shi ne mafi matsala labari, wanda aka rubuta ta hanyar Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper. "Pioneers" bayyana rayuwar Fata safa a cikin shekaru saba'in. Amma, duk da wannan, karo ba a rasa vigilance, da kuma hannunsa ya har yanzu da wuya. Chingachgook duk kamar yadda kusa, kawai daga cikin Mabuwãyi, Mai hikima shugaban, ya juya a cikin wani mãsu mãye ƙasƙancin rãyuwa tsohon mutumin. Dukansu haruffa ne a kauyen mulkin mallaka, inda dokokin da "m" al'umma. A tsakiyar rikici da labari da yake a cikin adawa shirya zaman umarni da kuma dokokin halitta. A karshen labari Chingachgook mutu. Bumpo daga mazauna da kuma boye a cikin dazuzzuka.

"Prairie"

A karshe kashi na Pentalog, wanda aka rubuta ta hanyar Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper. "Prairie" gaya labarin Nathaniel ta rayuwa a cikin tsufa. Bumpo yi sabon abokai. Amma yanzu shi yana taimaka musu wajen ba da-da nufin harbi, kuma mafi rai kwarewa, da ikon wani sashe a kan wani zance da matsananci Indian shugaban da kuma tsari daga cikin bala'i. Natty tare da abokai saɓa wa Bush iyali na natsuwa da Indians Sioux. Amma da yawon buxe ido labarin ƙare quite da kyau - a biyu bikin aure. A karshe samfurin da aka bayyana ta da zukatanmu da kuma kauri scene na karshe lokacin rayuwa da mutuwa Bumpo.

ƙarshe

Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper, wanda biography da aka gabatar a sama, bar a sararin wallafe-wallafen al'adunmu. Ya rubuta 33 litattafan, kuma da dama kundin na tafiya rubuce-rubuce, aikin jarida, tarihi da bincike da kuma wasu 'yan takardu. Cooper ya taka babbar rawa wajen ci gaban na American labari, fito da wasu daga ta subgenres: utopian, satirical almarar, zamantakewa da kuma na cikin gida, teku, tarihi. Ga marubuci ta ayyukan da aka halin da almara tunani na duniya. Wannan shi ne abin da ya taimaka da daidaituwa da wani yawan littafan a sake zagayowar: dilogy trilogy, Pentalog.

A aikinsa Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper rufe uku main batutuwa: rai na kan iyaka, da teku, da kuma yaki da 'yancin kai. Wannan selection bayyana a romantic akai ya Hanyar. American al'umma, mired a zari, ya sãɓa wa da 'yanci na teku abubuwa da sojoji heroism. Wannan rata da kuma gaskiyar romantic manufa shi ne tushen ideas m zane wani samfurin Cooper.