Falsafa Friedrich Engels: bayyane da kuma ayyukan

Friedrich Engels, wanda tarihinsa yake da sha'awa ga masu bincike da dama, ya fito ne daga dangi na masana'antun masana'antu, wanda ya yi nasara sosai a wancan lokacin. Mahaifiyarsa ta kasance mai hankali, mai kirki, tana da kyawawan dabi'a, ƙauna da wallafe-wallafe. Frederick yana da 'yan'uwa 8 da' yan'uwa 8. Yawancin haka, ya haɗe da Maryamu. Bari muyi la'akari, fiye da Friedrich Engels da aka sani. Za'a iya bayyana tarihin, ladabi, ra'ayoyi a cikin labarin.

Matasa

An haifi Friedrich Engels (shekarun rayuwan 1820-1895) a Barmen. A cikin wannan birni, ya tafi makarantar har zuwa shekara 14, sa'an nan kuma wasan motsa jiki Elberfeld. A lokacin da mahaifinsa ya ci gaba, ya bar makarantar a shekara ta 1837 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin kamfanin kasuwanci da ke da iyalin. A watan Agustan 1838, kafin Afrilu 1841, Friedrich Engels, wanda hoto ya gabatar a cikin labarin, ya cigaba da karatu a sana'a. Wannan ilimi ya samu a Bremen. A daidai wannan wuri, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai rubutu. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 18 Friedrich Engels (ranar haihuwar ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba) ya rubuta labarin farko. Daga Satumba 1841 ya yi aiki a Berlin. A nan kuma ya sami dama don halartar kundin karatu a jami'a da kuma fahimtar Young Hegelians.

Friedrich Engels: bidiyon (taƙaitacciyar taƙaitaccen zamansa a Ingila daga 1842 zuwa 1844).

A Nuwamba 1842 ya tafi Cologne. A cikin wannan birni, taron farko da Marx ya faru. Ya faru ne a ofishin editan "Rhine newspaper". Ya kamata a ce sabon sanannen ya dauki shi sosai. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa Marx ya dauke shi Young Hegelian. Kuma ra'ayoyinsu ba su goyi bayan su ba. Bayan haka, Friedrich Engels ya tafi Manchester. A nan ne za a kammala karatunsa a aikin masana'antun auduga na mahaifinsa. A Ingila, ya yi kusan kusan shekaru biyu. A nan ya sadu da Irish Lydia da Mary Burns. Tare da duka biyu har zuwa ƙarshen kwanakinsa, an kiyaye dangantaka mai dadi. A daidai wannan lokaci Maryamu shine na farko, kuma Lydia - matar ta biyu. Ya zauna tare da su duka a cikin haɗin kai. Amma daga farko da daga na biyu, bayan ketare ka'idodin, kafin mutuwar kowannensu, Engels ta kammala aikin aure.

Matakan juyin juya hali

Friedrich Engels, wanda tarihinsa da ayyukansa suna da alaka da abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin yanayin aiki, a cikin Ingila ya sami damar fahimtar rayuwar da rayuwar mutanen da ke aiki, wanda daga bisani ya sami tasiri a kan duniya. A nan ya fara hulɗa da "Union of the Just" (ƙungiyar juyin juya hali na lokaci), da kuma Chartists a Leeds. A Ingila ya fara buga rubutunsa don bugawa Owenisten, wanda aka buga a "Star Star". Bugu da} ari, an kuma gudanar da labaru tare da "jaridar" Rhine. " A watan Nuwamba 1843 Friedrich Engels ya wallafa littattafai game da tsarin gurguzu a Turai. A Fabrairu, daga 1844, wasiƙai sun bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafe na Jamus-Faransa. A lokacin da yake zama a Ingila, wani masani da mawaki da mai kula da harkokin kasuwanci Werth ya faru. Daga bisani, zai zama shugaban jerin gungun littafi a lokacin juyin juya halin a "New Rheinische Zeitung".

Friedrich Engels: labari daga 1844 zuwa 1845.

Babban sakamako mai muhimmanci na nazarin tattalin arzikin siyasa shine labarin 1844. A ciki, Friedrich Engels yayi kokarin kwatanta rikice-rikice na 'yan jari-hujja. Ya zargi malaman bourgeois na apologetics na ainihin yanayin harkokin. A wata ma'ana, wannan labarin ne ya jagoranci Marx ya dauki litattafai a kan tattalin arziki. A shekara ta 1844 an fito da surorin farko a cikin littafin Allemand na Faransa. Marx da Ruge sun buga shi a birnin Paris. Sabbin abubuwa sun zama lokaci na tsawon lokaci. A kan hanyar zuwa Jamus, Friedrich Engels da Karl Marx sun hadu a karo na biyu. A wannan lokacin yanayi ya fi abokantaka. Dukansu sun yanke shawarar cewa ra'ayinsu sun kasance daidai. Tun daga wannan lokacin Friedrich Engels da Karl Marx sun fara hadin gwiwa.

Sabuwar mataki

A 1845, ya dawo Jamus, Friedrich Engels ya rubuta wani aiki mai yawa game da yanayin ma'aikata a Ingila. A lokacin da ya fara samun matsaloli a dangantakarsa da mahaifinsa. Bugu da kari, akwai matsaloli tare da 'yan sanda (abin lura da shi). Marx ya fuskanci matsaloli da dokar Faransa. Duk waɗannan abokan tilastawa sun matsa zuwa Belgium. An yi la'akari da wannan ƙasa a wancan lokaci mafi kyauta a Turai. A watan Yulin 1845, abokai suka tafi Ingila. A can ne suka sadu da wakilan "Union of the Just" da kuma masu yawa Chartists. Bayan dawowarsa zuwa Brussels a 1846, sun kafa kwamitin kwaminisanci. Aikin kwayar halitta ne wanda ke gudanar da sadarwar gidan waya tsakanin masu zaman kansu na kasashen Turai. Kafin lokacin rani na 1846, sun ci gaba da fahimtar ra'ayoyin jari-hujja, wanda daga bisani ya bayyana a cikin babban aikin su, "Jumhuriyar Jamus." A cikin wannan aikin, ra'ayinsu sunyi tsayayya da jari-hujja na Feuerbach, da kuma manufa na Young Hegelians. A ƙarshen lokacin rani na 1846 Friedrich Engels ya fara rubuta labaran Faransa La Réforme, kuma daga 1847 ga jaridar Jamus-Brussels. A cikin wannan shekara, kungiyar ta Just ta karbi wani tsari don shiga. Engels da Marx sun yarda da shi. Daga bisani, sun bayar da gudummawa ga sake wallafawa kungiyar a cikin Tarayyar Kwaminisanci. Majalisa ta farko ta umurci Marx ta ci gaba da rubutun aikin "alamar kwaminisanci na bangaskiya". Daga bisani, ya kafa asali na Manifesto na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis.

Juyin juyin juya hali na 1948-1949.

A wannan lokacin, mutane da yawa sun san wanda Frederick Engels yake. A lokacin juyin juya halin, shi, tare da abokinsa, ya rubuta kayan don sabon jaridar Rhine. A cikin aikin da suke bayarwa game da bukatun Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a Jamhuriyar Kwaminis ta Jamus, sun yi adawa da fitar da abubuwan da suka faru a juyin juya halin. A 1848, a matsayin ɓangare na ƙungiyar masu gwagwarmaya, Engels ya koma Cologne. A nan ya rubuta littattafan da dama game da tashin hankali na Yuni na Paris. Ya kira wannan taron yakin farko tsakanin proletariat da bourgeoisie. A watan Satumba na 1848 dole ne ya bar Jamus. A wannan lokacin ya tsaya a Lausanne (birnin Swiss). Daga can, ya ci gaba da yin aiki tare da "jaridar New Rhine." A Lausanne, Engels ya shiga cikin aikin. A cikin Janairu 1949 ya koma Cologne. A can ne ya rubuta jerin labarai game da gwagwarmaya ta kasa-sasantawa na yawancin Italiya da Hungary.

Yaƙin Yakin

Ya fara ne a yankin Yammacin Yammacin Yammacin Turai da yammacin Yammacin watan Mayun 1849. A watan Yuni na wannan shekarar, Engels ya shiga rundunar soji na Palatinate da Baden. Ya shiga cikin fadace-fadacen da aka yi da Prussia da Elbertfeld. A lokaci guda, ya sadu da Becker. Wannan ya jagoranci jagorancin Baden. Bayan dan lokaci, za su sami abokantaka masu kyau. Bayan da aka ci gaba da juyin juya halin soja, Engels ya fara zuwa Switzerland, sa'an nan kuma zuwa Ingila.

Aiki a cikin Kungiyar Kwaminisanci

A watan Nuwamba 1849 Engels ya isa London. A can ya ci gaba da aikinsa a cikin Tarayyar. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa sai ya rubuta abubuwa daban-daban. Musamman ma, daya daga cikin na farko shine sakamakon abubuwan da suka faru na juyin juya hali. A matsayinsa na memba na kwamitin tsakiya na kungiyar tarayya, Engels ta shirya wani labarin da aka yi wa mambobin kungiyar. Bugu da} ari, akwai gwagwarmayar da Schaper da Willich, wa] anda ke cikin {ungiyar. Sun yi kira ga sake saurin gaggawa. Engels kuma ya yi magana game da fargabar waɗannan maganganun, ya ji tsoron rabuwa da kungiyar. Ƙungiyar kungiyar ta faru a cikin kaka na 1850.

Aikin jarida

A 1850, Engels ta isa Manchester. A nan ne ya yi aiki a cikin kamfanin kasuwanci na mahaifinsa, wanda ya bar dansa a cikin wannan sana'ar. Bayan ɗan lokaci, Engels ta sayar da sashi. Abubuwan da ya samu, ciki har da rubutun, ya ishe shi don kada ya karyata kansa. Bugu da kari, daga kudadensa, ya bayar da taimakon kudi ga Marx. A karshen wannan lokacin ya kasance cikin matsala mai wuya. Engels ya rubuta jaridar New York "Daily Tribune." Wani ɓangare daga cikin abubuwan da aka zartar da shi ya kasance mai juyayi ga juyin juya halin a Jamus. Tambayoyin dabarun jagoranci na gwagwarmayar yaki an tsarkake su a cikinsu. Tun daga wannan lokaci Friedrich Engels ne ya kafa Marxism.

Batun soja

Engels yana da kwarewa sosai na hidima. Wannan ya taimake shi ya zama gwani a kan sojojin. Ya rubuta littattafai masu yawa game da batutuwa na soja. Daga cikin su akwai bayanin kula da halin da ake ciki a China da Indiya, a Amurka. Har ila yau, an ba da labarin ga wa] anda aka yi wa Italo-Franco-Austrian da Franco-Prussian. Bayanan kula a cikin American Encyclopedia "Fleet" da kuma "Army". A lokacin yakin Italiyanci, Engels ta wallafa wani ɗan littafin ɗan littafin "Po da Rhine." Bayan yakin, an rubuta labarin game da Savoy, Nice da Rhine. A 1865, an wallafa wani kasida a kan batun soja na Prussia da ƙungiyar ma'aikatan Jamus. Yawancin littattafansa sun karanta shi ga masu karatu don ayyukan da babban sakatare ya rubuta. Gwamnatin Prussia kanta sau da dama ta yi kokari don samun samarda Marx da Engels.

International

Daga karshen Satumba 1864 Engels yana daya daga cikin shugabannin. Ya fara aiki tare da Liebknecht da Bebel. Tare da suka yi yaƙi da kafawar SDLP a Jamus da Lassalleanism. A watan Oktoba 1870, Engels ya koma London. Tun 1871 ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Sakataren Sakatare na Spain da Belgium, sannan kuma a Italiya. A wani taro a London, Engels na kira ga kafa ƙungiya mai juyi na ma'aikata a kowace jiha. A wannan sun yi jãyayya da cewa bukatar kafa mulkin kama karya na proletariat.

Nasu aikin

Tun daga 1873 ya fara rubutawa a matsayin masanin Falsafa. Friedrich Engels ya fara aiki "Harshe na Yanayi." A cikin wannan aikin ya kamata a ba da cikakkiyar fahimtar juna game da ilimin jari-hujja ga dukan nasarori na kimiyyar halitta. Rubutun rubutun ya ci gaba har shekaru 10. Amma Engels bai gama aikin ba. A cikin shekarun 1872-73. Ya bayyana batun gidaje, ikon, wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafen. A shekara ta 1875, ya fara aiki tare da Marx akan sukar labarun Lassallean don shirin kungiyar Jam'iyyar Jamus. A cikin shekarun 1877-78. An buga abubuwa da yawa a kan Dühring. Daga bisani sun fito ne a cikin bugu daya. Wannan aikin yana dauke da mafi yawan abubuwan duka, ya halicce shi har abada. A Maris 1883, Marx ya mutu. Daga wannan lokacin wani lokaci mai wuya ya fara.

Ƙarin aiki

Bayan mutuwar Marx, duk alhakin kammalawa da kuma shirya don wallafa littafi na biyu da na uku na "Capital" ya fadi akan Engels. Wannan, a gaskiya, ya yi har sai mutuwarsa. Tare da wannan, duk da haka, sun wallafa ayyukan nasu. A 1884, aikin da aka kammala, wanda ya zama daya daga cikin mahimmancin fahimtar Marxism, ya kammala. Ya bayyana asalin jihar, dukiya da iyali. A shekara ta 1886, wani muhimmin aikin da aka yi wa Feuerbach. A shekara ta 1894 aikin da aka yi wa manoma a Jamus da Faransa sun buga. A ciki, an matsa matsalolin taro akan yawan jama'a.

Haɗin kai da 'yan juyin juya halin Rasha

Engels suna kallo tare da sha'awa sosai a halin da ake ciki a kasar. Ya gudanar da kafa alaƙa da Lopatin, Lavrov, Volkhovsky da sauran layin gaba. An yi godiya ga ayyukan Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky. Engels sun lura da halayyarsu, jimrewa, rashin kai. Tare da wannan, ruhunsa na ruhaniya sun kasance sun kasance masu zargi. Tsanani, ya dace da Zasulich da Plekhanov. Tare da farin ciki mai yawa, an samu labarai daga kafa ƙungiyar "Emancipation of Labour" a cikin rukunin jama'a na Rasha. Engels yana fatan zai rayu har zuwa lokacin da aka tsayar da tsarism a Rasha, kuma juyin juya halin zamantakewa zai ci nasara.

Matsayi na musamman a cikin motsi

Engels an yi la'akari da kyau wanda ya kafa fahimtar ilimin jari-hujja game da tarihin tarihi. Shi, tare da abokinsa-in-arms, ya gudanar da aiki na tattalin arziki na bourgeois siyasa. Tare da Marx, ya halitta harshen jari-hujja, kimiyya kwaminisanci. A cikin jerin ayyukansa, ya tsara sabon kallon duniya a cikin tsari mai mahimmanci, ya nuna muhimmancin abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci, mahimman bayanai. Duk wannan ya ba da gudummawa sosai wajen nasarar ra'ayin Marxanci a cikin aiki na duniya a karshen karni na 19. A yayin ci gaba da tsarin koyarwar zamantakewar zamantakewar al'umma, an gabatar da wasu alamu na musamman game da ci gaba da tsarin zamantakewar al'umma, zamanin d ¯ a da kuma zamanin furen. An bayyana bayyanar da dukiyar masu zaman kansu, da samuwar azuzuwan, da tsarin jihar. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata a rayuwarsa, Engels ya kula da matsalolin haɗin tattalin arziki, akidu da siyasa. Musamman a cikin ayyukansa, buƙatar a bayyana muhimmancin tasiri game da rayuwar jama'a game da manufofin siyasa na wasu nau'o'i, da jayayya ga rinjaye, da kuma akidar da kuma dangantaka ta shari'a. Engels taka babbar rawa wajen ci gaban na akidar Karl Marx ka'idar fasaha da wallafe-wallafe. Wasu bangarori na kimiyya sun karu sakamakon sakamakonsa na koyarwa. Daga cikinsu akwai ka'idar ka'idojin harshe a kimiyya da yanayi, yanayin soja da sojojin.

Taimako ga aikin aiki

Engels da Marx sun jaddada hadin kan abubuwan da suka shafi al'amuran da suka dace. Sun haɗu da haɗin gwiwar kimiyya, dabaru da dabarun ga proletariat. Sun sami damar tabbatar da muhimmancin aikin aiki a matsayin mahaliccin sabuwar al'umma, da buƙatar samun wata ƙungiya mai juyin juya halin, da riƙe da juyin juya halin zamantakewa don kafa mulkin mallaka na ma'aikata. Engels da Marx sun zama masu tasowa na kasa da kasa. Sun kafa ƙungiyoyi na farko na duniya na ma'aikata.

Yi aiki kafin mutuwa

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, halayen Engels suna da kyau. A wannan lokacin ya sami damar bunkasa kimiyyar Marxist, wadatar dabarun da kuma dabarun tare da sababbin mahimman bayanai. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ya kaddamar da gwagwarmaya a kan sassan addini da kuma opportunism, dogmatism a cikin jam'iyyun zamantakewa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ya yi aiki a karo na uku na "Capital". A cikin adadinsa, ya nuna wasu siffofi na halayen mulkin mallaka - wani sabon mataki na cigaban tsarin jari-hujja. A cikin aikinsa Engels, tare da abokin aiki da kuma marubucin marubucinsa, sun yi la'akari da rikice-rikicen rikice-rikice na jari-hujja a matsayi na karshe na gwagwarmayar tsakanin bourgeoisie da proletariat. Amma bayan abubuwan da suka faru a 1848-49. Sun fara yin la'akari da hankali game da yadda ake magana da ma'aikata game da hakkinsu. A shekara ta 1894, lafiyar Engels ta kara tsananta. Masanan sun gano shi da ciwon daji a cikin esophagus. A 1895, ranar 5 ga Agusta, ya mutu. A karshe shine jikinsa ya kone. An saka yakin da toka a cikin teku a Eastbourne.