George Berkeley: Falsafa, ra'ayoyi na asali, tarihin rayuwa

Daga cikin masana falsafanci da ke fadin ra'ayi da kuma ra'ayoyin ra'ayi, daya daga cikin shahararren shine George Berkeley. Mahaifinsa ya kasance ɗan Ingilishi, amma George ya ɗauki kansa Irish, tun da yake yana can, a kudancin Ireland, an haife shi ne a shekarar 1685. Tun yana da shekaru goma sha biyar, saurayin ya fara karatu a koleji, wanda zai haɗa shi a wata hanya ko tsawon rayuwarsa (har zuwa 1724). A 1704, Berkeley Jr. ya sami lambar digiri, kuma shekaru uku daga baya - digiri na digiri tare da hakkin ya koyar a cikin kotu na koyon ilmin lissafi. A 'yan shekarun baya, ya zama firist na Anglican Church, sa'an nan - a PhD da kuma Babban Malami a kwalejin.

Tsarin Idealism

Ko a wani matasa shekaru D. Berkley zabar tsakanin jari ra'ayoyi da kayadadden idealism, ya dauki gefe na karshen. Ya zama mai kare addini kuma a cikin ayyukansa ya nuna dogara ga tunanin mutum game da kwayoyin halitta game da yadda aka fahimta shi da tunanin rai wanda Allah ya kafa. Ko a cikin matasa rubuta ayyukan da suka zama da muhimmanci ga ci gaban da falsafa da tunani , suka ɗaukaka sunan - Dzhordzh Berkli.

Falsafa da kuma neman gaskiyar sun zama ma'anar rayuwar mai tunani na Irish. Daga cikin ayyukansa akwai ban sha'awa: "Gwaninta na sabon ka'idar hangen nesa," "Yi la'akari da ka'idojin ilimin ɗan adam," "Tattaunawa guda uku tsakanin Hylas da Philonus." A cikin wallafa aikin a kan sabon hangen nesa, matasa masu ilimi sunyi burin yin la'akari da muhimmancin halaye na farko wanda ya tabbatar da 'yancin kai daga saninmu da kuma ainihin kwayoyin halitta. Ya bambanta da ka'idodin Descartes na harkar jikin da ya riga ya sami karbuwa a wannan lokacin, ya bayyana cewa dogara ne akan hangen nesa da nesa, da kuma tsari da abubuwa ta wurin hangen nesa. A cewar masanin ilimin falsafa, haɗin da ke tattare da hanyoyi daban-daban shine filin dabarar da aka samu ta hanyar kwarewa.

Muhimmin aiki na malaman ilimi

Daga cikin ayyukan mai tunani shine tunani daban-daban, ciki har da wadanda ke da mahimmanci akidar. Amma daya daga cikin abubuwan mafi ban sha'awa shine "Harsuna guda uku na Hylas da Philous" (George Berkeley - Philosophy), a taƙaice game da wanda zai iya faɗi wannan: marubucin ya yi tambaya game da yadda ake magana game da fahimtar gaskiya, da kuma mamaki. A aikin Berkeley, The Movement, ya kalubalanci ra'ayin Newtonian akan fahimtar motsi game da motsi. Harkokin ilmin falsafa na George shi ne cewa motsi ba zai iya zama mai zaman kansa na sarari da lokaci ba. Ba wai kawai wannan ra'ayi ya soki ba daga masanin kimiyya, amma da yawa wasu nau'o'in Newton.

Har ila yau, ya kamata a lura da su biyu aikin Berkeley: zance tsakanin mashawarci mai suna "Alkifron" da kuma muhawarar falsafa game da ruwa mai zurfi, inda ya ɗaga tambayoyin ilimin likitanci na tar, kuma ya yi ƙuƙwalwa a cikin batutuwa na falsafa da ilimin tauhidi.

Iyali

Matar malamin falsafa ita ce Anna Forster - 'yar jarida (mahaifinta shi ne alƙali na Irish a kotun). Ya kamata a lura da sauƙi, sada zumunci da farin ciki na George. Ya ƙaunace shi da abokaina da kuma masaniya. A cikin kulawarsa, ba da da ewa ba akwai wata makarantar koyarwa, wadda aka kafa ta wata yarjejeniyar sarki. Matarsa ta ba shi 'ya'ya bakwai. Duk da haka, a wancan lokaci yara da yawa ba su rayu ga tsofaffi ba, suna da shekaru saboda rashin lafiya. Berkeley ya tsira sau uku kawai, sauran kuma suka mutu.

Lokacin da Dzhordzh Berkli sami gādo, ya sanya wani tsari don kafa a Bermuda makaranta inda Majusawa aka tuba zuwa ga bangaskiyar Kirista. Da farko an amince da aikin kuma amincewa da majalisar a duk hanyar da ta dace, da kuma goyan baya da magunguna. Duk da haka, lokacin da mishan da sahabbansa suka koma tsibirin, an manta da hankali. Kuma ba tare da kudade masu dacewa ba, malamin ilimin malamin ya dakatar da aikin mishan. A hankali, ya bar al'amuransa kuma yana ciyar da lokaci tare da dansa. George Berkeley ya rayu shekara sittin da bakwai kuma ya rasu a 1752. A girmama shi, ana kiran birnin Berkeley a daya daga cikin jihohi na Amurka - California.

Ilimin Berkeley

A karkashin rinjayar hangen nesa na duniya game da babban masanin kimiyya, yawancin masu tunani sun fadi, ciki har da Kant da Hume. Babban ra'ayin cewa Berkeley yayi wa'azi a cikin ra'ayoyinsa shine muhimmancin ma'anar tabawa da ruhu da kuma hotunan da aka kafa ta. A takaice dai, kowane tsinkayen kwayoyin halitta shine sakamakon fahimtar shi ta ruhun mutum. Babbar rukunansa ita ce ka'idar farfadowa ta tunani: "Nawa ne kawai da hangen nesa na duniya. Babu matsala, akwai ra'ayi na kawai game da shi. Allah yana aikawa da kuma samar da hanyoyi, ta hanyar da mutum yake ji komai a wannan duniyar ... ".

A cikin fahimtar falsafa, to wanzu shine fahimtar. Berkeley ta jinsin halitta shine ka'idar solipsism. Bisa ga ra'ayi na mai tunani, wanzuwar wasu rayukan da suke da "bayyanar" bayyanar kawai zato ne kawai wanda zai iya zama wanda ya dace.

Ba daidai ba ra'ayi

Duk da haka, akwai rashin daidaituwa a cikin ilimin falsafa. Alal misali, a cikin wannan abu "I" ya yi amfani da wannan hujja ta yadda za a lalata abu da kuma tabbatar da indivisibility da hadin kan farkon. Duk da haka, mabiyansa David Hume ya tsara wadannan ra'ayoyin a cikin ka'idar inda ya canza tunanin kwayoyin halitta ga bangaren ruhaniya: mutum "I" shine "jigon hankalin". Ba zai yiwu ba yayata kanka daga ra'ayin jari-hujja, lokacin da kake nazarin ayyukan da masanin kimiyya George Berkeley ya rubuta.

Maganar mai ilimin tauhidi da mai tunani suna ba da shawara akan madawwami da muhimmancin Allah a cikin rayuwar mutum, dogara ga Mai Girma. Amma a lokaci guda ka ga wasu rashin daidaituwa da rashin daidaituwa a cikin ayyukan Berkeley, wanda aka bayyana a cikin maganganu masu mahimmanci na masana falsafa.

Ci gaba da falsafar Berkeley

Berkeley ya yanke shawarar cewa akwai Allah wanda shine kadai wanda ya halicci son kansa cikin rayukan mutane. A ra'ayinsa, mutum ba shi da iko akan yadda yake ji, koda kuwa yana tunanin haka. Bayan haka, idan mutum ya buɗe idanu ya ga hasken - ba ya dogara da nufinsa, ko kuma ya ji tsuntsu - wannan ba shine nufinsa ba. Ba zai iya zaɓar tsakanin "gani" da "ba gani ba," wanda ke nufin akwai bambancin ra'ayi na matakin da ya haifar da ji da jin dadi a cikin mutum.

Binciken ayyukan da George Berkeley ya rubuta, wasu masu bincike sun yanke shawarar (wanda ba a tabbatar da su ba, amma suna da damar kasancewa) cewa ra'ayoyin mai ilimin falsafa an kafa ne bisa ka'idar Malebranche. Wannan ya sa ya yiwu a yi la'akari da Berkeley wani dan ƙasar Irish Carthusian, yana ƙin kasancewar kasancewa a cikin koyarwarsa. Tun 1977, Ireland ta wallafa wata kasida don girmama babban masanin kimiyya.

Tarihin tarihi a cikin falsafar

Koyaswar da George Berkeley ya bari, da tarihin mai tunani - duk wannan yana da matukar sha'awa kuma yana da muhimmanci ga cigaban tarihin falsafar. Ka'idarsa ta ba da sabon haske, sabon karuwar cigaba a cikin jagorancin tunani na falsafa. Schopenhauer yayi la'akari da cancantar Berkeley ya mutu kuma ya kira shi mahaifin manufa. Har ila yau, Thomas Reed ya shahara da tunanin da George Berkeley ya yi. Babban ra'ayoyin mai ilimin falsafanci zaiyi nazarin fiye da tsara daya daga masu tunani. Duk da haka, yawancin su, ciki har da Thomas Reid, daga baya sun fara la'anta su.

Koyaswar Berkeley ya shiga litattafai akan falsafanci kamar ra'ayoyin jariri. Fiye da mutum daya daga cikin masana falsafanci zai burge ta ka'idarsa sannan sai ya karɓa, ya inganta ko ya musanta shi. Ganinsa ya sami mafi girma a kan yankin Poland, amma a cikin kasashen Slavic da dama ya yada falsafancinsa kuma ya kasance da wuri mai kyau a cikin waɗannan ayyukan.