Nominalism a cikin falsafanci shine ... Nominalism da kuma ainihin a cikin falsafar

Falsafa na zamani, wato 'yarsa wadda ta fi so - mutane da yawa sun yi la'akari da rikice-rikice marar matsala a tsakanin mutane a cikin batutuwa game da yadda aljanu da yawa suka shiga kan gurasar. Wannan fahimtar ya zo mana daga Renaissance. Bayan haka ya zama al'ada don nuna zamanin da ya wuce a cikin haske mafi duhu fiye da yadda yake. Amma a lokacin ne aka haɗu da manyan sassan fasahar kimiyya na zamani da kuma taro tare da dukkan na'urori don rubuta bayanai da karatu. Nominalism a cikin falsafar taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin tunani. Wannan jagora ya zama tushen dalili na gaba a cikin yanayi da kuma tunani a cikin hanyoyi. Amma bari muyi ƙoƙarin fahimtar wannan tambaya mai rikitarwa.

"Shole" - menene wannan yake nufi?

Na da falsafa samo asali a lokacin da kafa mulkin gargajiya tsakaninsu. Koda a zamanin Renaissance Carolingian - wato, a farkon mataki - ya rigaya ya sami waɗannan siffofin da aka sani yanzu. Ikilisiyar Yammacin Yammacin Turai a wancan lokaci shine tushen hadin kai na duniya Krista. Tun da dukkanin ra'ayinsu na al'ada na addini ne, tambayoyin ilimin falsafar da aka gabatar da kuma daidaita sunyi daidai da yanayi. Idan da'awar da aka yi wa Ikklisiya ta kafa hujjoji, to, malaman kimiyya sunyi sharhi kuma sun tsara wadannan ka'idodin. Saboda haka, ya zama babban mahimmanci na tunanin tunani na gaskiya - a gaskiya mahimmin falsafancin ya dogara akan shi. Halin wannan yanayin ya nuna cewa, na farko, ya ci gaba ne a makarantu masu ban sha'awa, kuma daga bisani a jami'o'i.

Babban fasali na kimiyya

A cikakke, lokuta uku na ci gaba da wannan jagoran suna bambanta. Na farko shine farkon karatun zamani, tun daga mawallafi Boethius zuwa Thomas Aquinas. Sa'an nan kuma ya zo na biyu lokaci. A can, sun hada da Thomas da kansa da mabiyansa. Kuma, a ƙarshe, ƙarshen binciken masana'antu na karni na sha huɗu da na goma sha biyar, wanda yafi mahimmanci abin zargi na Figures na Renaissance. Tushen falsafar falsafa yana tattaunawa game da manyan matsalolin wannan lokacin. Da farko, wannan ilimin da bangaskiya, to - tunani da nufin, ainihi da wanzuwar, kuma, a ƙarshe, jayayya game da hukumomin duniya. Anan a ƙarshe za mu daina. Bayan haka, wannan rikici ne tsakanin hakikanin gaske da kuma rashin rinjaye.

Mene ne?

Matsalar masana'antu, wanda shine daya daga cikin manyan al'amurran da suka shafi tattaunawa game da lokaci, wanda yawancin masana kimiyya suka fasa makamai, haka ne. Masu hakikanin gaskiya sun kasance masu goyon bayan gaskiyar cewa ra'ayi na gaba, kamar yadda ya dace a tsakiyar zamanai sunyi imani Plato, hakika akwai. Kuma zalunci a fannin falsafanci shine sabon abu ne a tarihin tunani. Ma'aikatansa sun yi imanin cewa al'amuran (duniya) sunaye kawai sunaye ne na dukiya, sunaye (a cikin Latin nomines).

Manyan 'yan jarida

Halin tunanin wanzuwar sararin samaniya yana daya daga cikin mafi yawan kayan ado a cikin tarihin falsafancin zamani. Saboda haka, mafi yawan mashawarta a gaban karni na sha huɗu sun kasance masu hakikanin. Wannan, alal misali, John Scotus Eriugena, ya gayyace shi don koyar da kotu a kotu a cikin zamanin Carolingians. Daga ra'ayinsa, babu bambanci tsakanin addinin gaskiya da ainihin dabi'a. Saboda haka, da littattafai na gaskiya shi ne tuna. Kuma duk abin da yake gani da mu abu ne, shi ne ainihin ruhaniya. Domin realists gaskiya English Archbishop na Anselm Kenterberiysky. Ya fahimci cewa hankali yana da muni fiye da bangaskiya, amma bisa ga nufin, ainihin ainihin abu ne, ba mahimmanci ba. Saboda haka, ya yi la'akari da manufofin da aka sani na ainihi a waje da abubuwa. Kyakkyawan, inji shi, ya kasance a waje da ayyukan kirki, gaskiyar ta wuce bayanan gaskiya, kuma adalci ba shi da hukunci. Gaskiya shine Albertus Magnus (Bollstedtsky). Ya yi imanin cewa sararin samaniya sun kasance sau uku - a cikin tunanin Allah, a cikin abubuwa da kuma bayan su. Duk da haka, matsala na rashin rinjaye da hakikanin gaskiya, ko kuma wajen haka, rawar da ya dace da jagoran farko, ya canza tun daga karni na goma sha uku, wato daga farkon nazarin yanayi.

Masu sulhu

Ta yaya suka bi da wakilai na kishiya? Kafin Aquinas, zalunci a cikin falsafanci shine wani abu kamar ruɗin ƙarya. A nan, alal misali, John Rossellin. Ya yi imani cewa akwai abubuwa daban-daban, kuma ra'ayoyin su ne sauti, ƙaryar magana. Amma tun da aka gaya masa cewa irin wadannan ra'ayoyin na iya haifar da ƙaddamarwa cewa babu Allah, dole ne ya bar ra'ayinsa. Sulhu da husuma a cikin goma sha biyu karni, kokarin Per Abelyar. Ya rubuta cewa wasu abubuwa suna wanzu, kuma wannan ba abin ban mamaki ne ba. Amma suna kama da juna. Wannan kamanni yana cikin tunanin mu, kamar sunayensu. A gefe guda kuma, Allah ya ƙunshi cikin siffofin abubuwan da yake shirin ƙirƙirarsa. Mai sulhuntawa shine Thomas Aquinas. Bisa mahimmanci, ya maimaita ra'ayoyin Albert Babbar, kawai ya sanya su a cikin kishiyar shugabanci. Abubuwa sun kasance a cikin tunanin Allah a hakikanin gaskiya, kuma a cikin tunanin mutum tunanin sunaye sun kasance a fili. Mutane kawai zasu iya yin kuskure. Kuma Allah Mai gani ne ga gaskiya.

Ƙaddamarwa na Franciscans. Roger Bacon

Kolejin Oxford daga ƙarshen karni na goma sha uku ya zama karfi, wanda daga bisani ya zama wanda ya zama dan takara a cikin nasara ta hanyar Turai. Turanci na Franciscans yana da wani rauni ga wannan ilimin falsafa. Bugu da kari, a tsakiyar su, ilimin kimiyya daidai da nazarin yanayi ya fara ci gaba. Sabili da haka, sun zama masu mahimmanci na hakikanin ainihi da kuma ka'idodin gargajiya. Don haka, Roger Bacon ya yi mamakin yadda mutum zai iya yin hukunci da wani abu ba tare da sanin ilmin lissafi ba. Ba dalĩli, ba ta m dabaru, ba da wani tunani da Scriptures, amma kawai wani gwaji ne babban kimiyya Hanyar. Abubuwa masu rarrabe sun fi kyau kuma sun fi gaskiya fiye da kowane ra'ayi, kuma kwarewa ya fi muhimmanci fiye da kowane tunani.

Duns Scot

Wannan masanin Falsafa na Oxford yana daga cikin masu tsauraran ra'ayi da mabiya Aristotle. Ya soki Thomas Aquinas, yana jayayya cewa akwai wani tsari mai tsabta - wannan shine Allah. Babu wasu kamar wannan. Dukan sauran shine haɗin kai da nau'i, har ma rayuka da mala'iku. Tun da ainihin abu cikin Allah shine nufinsa, wannan haɗari shine babban abu cikin mutum. Nominalism da hakikanin gaskiyar falsafancin Scott ya kasance kamar wannan wuri. Shin, so a sama da Mind. Allah, idan ya so, ba zai halicci irin wannan duniya ba, da halin kirki daban daban. Saboda haka, duniya zata iya kasancewa kawai a cikin abubuwa, a matsayin tushen irin su. Ta hanyar mutum abubuwa za mu iya sanin ainihin su. A cikin tunanin Allah, babu wata duniya - Yana iya gyara kowane lokaci yadda ya so.

Kasuwa da raza

Amma watakila ya fi shahara ne nominalist Uilyam Okkam - da kirkiro na girman siffar gilashi da kuma dokar na refraction haske. Ba za a iya sanin Allah - kasancewarsa kawai zai zama abin dogara ga bangaskiya ba. Haka kuma tare da kasashen duniya. Maganin ilimin zai iya zama ainihin abubuwa masu gaskiya, kuma hanya - kwarewa. Nominalism a cikin falsafanci ita ce kawai shiriya, wasu "ninka mahalli ba tare da bukata." Wannan shi ne ka'idar sanannen "farfajiyar asalin". Wannan masanin kimiyya an dauke shi har ma wani mai takaici. Tattauna ra'ayoyin Scotus, Yau yayi la'akari da Allah "Ƙarfin ƙwararre." Mahalicci baya buƙatar ainihin halittu da na duniya - Zai iya ƙirƙirar wani nau'i ba tare da su ba. Sabili da haka, ra'ayoyin ra'ayi sun kasance kawai a zukatanmu - Allah ya halicci ba tare da wani ra'ayi ba, kuma bai buƙatar kullun ba. Ƙa'idar mu'amala ta haifar da kwakwalwar mutum don saukakawa. Allah ya halicci kawai dabi'ar tunanin mutum don ya fito daga musamman zuwa ga kowa. Saboda haka, duniyoyi ne kawai alamu da sharuddan. Wannan ra'ayi ne daga baya ya karbi karɓa.