Hannah Arendt: rayuwa da kerawa

Gaskiyar cewa irin wannan totalitarianism, da Falsafa Hannah Arendt san ganin an. Kasancewa daga asalin Yahudawa, ta wuce ta sansanin Zuciya na Nazi, inda ta yi farin cikin samun ceto. Daga bisani, ta kai Amurka kuma ta zauna a wannan kasa har sai mutuwarta. Ta rubuce-rubucen a kan phenomenology rinjayi masana falsafa kamar Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jürgen Habermas, Dzhordzho Agamben, Walter Benjamin da sauransu. A lokaci guda, waɗannan ayyuka sun bambanta mutane da yawa, ko ma abokansu. Wanene wannan mace wadda ta samu irin wannan kullun a cikin al'umma? Labarinmu zai bayyana game da rayuwar Hannah Arendt, ta zama mai ilimin falsafa kuma ya bayyana ainihin ainihin littattafanta.

Yara

An haifi Hannah Arendt a 1906, Oktoba 14, a garin Linden (Gidan Jamus). Dukansu iyayenta sun kasance daga Gabas Prussia. Masanin injiniya Paul Arendt da matarsa Marta Cohn sun kasance Yahudawa, amma sun jagoranci salon rayuwa. Tuni a lokacin yaro ya yi amfani da shi a Königsberg, yarinyar ta fuskanci zanga-zangar adawa da anti-Semitism. A wannan yanayin, mahaifiyarsa ta umurce shi. Idan ana sauraron jawabin da ake yi na anti-Semitic daga malamin, Hannatu ya tashi ya bar karatun. Bayan haka, mahaifiyar tana da 'yancin yin korafi a rubuce. Kuma budurwar 'yan budurwa-' yan matan Krista sun fuskanci kanta. Bisa mahimmanci, yaron ya wuce farin ciki. A cikin iyalin ba ma sun yi amfani da kalmar nan "Bayahude" ba, amma kuma basu amince da kansu ba.

Hannah Arendt: Tarihi

Yarinyar tun lokacin yaro ya nuna mai sha'awar ga 'yan Adam. Ta koyi a jami'o'i uku - a Marburg, Freiburg da Heidelberg. Ta ruhaniya Masters a falsafa sun Martin Heidegger da Karl Jaspers. Yarinyar ba wani abu ba ne "zane mai zane". A 1929, ta auri Gunther Anders. Amma wannan aure ya rushe a cikin shekaru takwas. Abu na biyu, ta yi aure Henry Blucher. Da yake fahimta, yarinyar nan da nan ta fahimci cewa an yi mata alkawarinta da danginta da Nazi ke zuwa. Saboda haka, a 1933, ta gudu zuwa Faransa. Amma Nazism ya kama shi kuma a can. A shekarar 1940, ta shiga cikin gurs. Ta yi nasarar tserewa, ta tafi Lisbon, daga can - zuwa Amurka. Hannah Arendt ya zauna a New York, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai rubutu a mujallar New Yorker. A wannan damar, ta zo a 1961 a Urushalima, a shari'a Adolfa Eyhmana.

Wannan taron ya zama tushen duniyar littafinsa mai suna "Banality of Evil". A karshen rayuwar ta ta koyar a jami'o'i da kwalejoji a Amurka. Ta mutu a shekara 69 a Disamba 1975 a New York. Game da matsala mai wuya na Hannah Arendt a shekarar 2012, Margaret von Trott ya jagoranci hotunan wasan kwaikwayon.

Muhimmanci a falsafar

A cikin al'adun Halitta Hannah Arendt game da kimanin ɗari biyar ne a cikin abubuwan da suke magana. Duk da haka, dukansu sun hada da ra'ayin daya - don fahimtar tsarin da ke gudana a cikin al'umma na karni na ashirin. A cewar masanin ilimin siyasar, 'yan adam ba'a barazanar ba da lalacewar yanayi amma ba ta hanyar mamaye daga waje ba. Babban abokin gaba yana cikin al'umma - wannan shine sha'awar sarrafa kowa. Hannah Arendt, wanda littattafansa sun ba da mamaki ga Yahudawa da dama, basu yi tunani game da "mutane", "kabilanci" ba. Ba ta raba su cikin "masu laifi" da "'yan raguna don kashewa ba." A idanunta, dukansu 'yan Adam ne. Kuma kowane mutum ne na musamman. Ita ce ta kafa ka'idar haihuwar haihuwa da kuma kasancewar totalitarianism.

Babban ayyukan. "Zalunci na Mugun"

Don Allah, wannan shine littafi mafi ban mamaki wanda Hannah Arendt ya rubuta. "Halin mugunta: Eichmann a Urushalima" ya fito bayan shekaru biyu bayan fitina na Obersturmbannfuehrer SS. Sakamakon "masallacin Holocaust" wanda ya tilasta wa malamin ya sake tunani akan abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin mulkin Nazi kuma ya ba su sabon kima. Shugaban kungiyar Gestapo ya yi magana game da aikinsa game da "maganin karshe na tambaya na Yahudawa" a matsayin aikin yau da kullum. Bai kasance a koda yaushe ya sami kwarewa ba, wanda ake azabtar da shi daga wani bathert, wani psychopath ko mutum mara kyau. Ya kawai ya aiwatar da tsari. Kuma wannan shine babban mafarki mai ban tsoro na Holocaust - mummunan banza na mugunta. Masanin kimiyya ba ya nuna godiya kafin wadanda aka ci zarafi ba tare da nuna rashin amincewa ga dukan mutanen Jamus ba. Babban mummunan aiki ya haifar da wani kwamiti, ya cika ayyukansa. Ƙungiyar laifin da ke haifar da wadannan nauyin da ake yi na hallaka masallaci.

"A kan Rikicin"

A 1969, masanin kimiyya ya cigaba da bunkasa batun ikon da 'yancin mutum. Rikicin ne kawai kayan aiki wanda wasu mutane da jam'iyyun suka cimma abin da suke so. Don haka ya ce Hannah Arendt. "A kan tashin hankali" aiki ne mai wuya da falsafa. Harkokin siyasa yana bambanta tsakanin manufofi irin su mulki da totalitarianism. Ikon yana hade tare da bukatar yin aiki tare, neman abokan tarayya, shawarwari. Rashin wannan yana haifar da asarar iko, haɗin kai. Mai mulki, yana jin kursiyin rawar jiki a karkashinsa, yayi kokarin kiyaye kansa ta hanyar rikici ... kuma shi kansa ya zama mai garkuwa da shi. Ba zai iya sake yaduwa ba. Saboda haka ana haifar da ta'addanci.

"Asalin jimlar demokradiyya"

An buga wannan littafi a 1951. Abin godiya ne a gare ta cewa Hannu Arendt an kira shi ne wanda ya kafa ka'idar totalitarianism. A cikin wannan, masanin kimiyya yayi nazarin irin abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewar al'umma a cikin tarihin mutum. Ta zo ga ƙarshe cewa yawancin duniya bai zama kamar rikici ba, despotism da misalan mulkin mallaka na zamani. Wannan samfurin ne na karni na ashirin. Misalai na gargajiya na al'ummar da ke da 'yancin kai Arendt ya kira Nazi Jamus da Stalin ta Rasha. Masanin kimiyya yayi nazari akan dalilai na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki game da tsarin wannan tsarin, yana janye fasalinsa da fasali. Yawanci littafin yana bincika misalai na ta'addanci a Nazi Jamus, wanda Hanna Arendt ta fuskanci kai tsaye. "Asalin tsauraran kai", duk da haka, aikin aiki ne maras lokaci. Wasu siffofin wannan tsarin da muke gani a cikin zamani na karni na ashirin da daya.