Tarihin Nietzsche Frederick. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa, ayyuka, sharhi

Sau da yawa mahimmancin nasarorin da suka samu a falsafanci da kuma fasaha ne mai rikitarwa. Nietzsche Friedrich, daya daga cikin manyan masana falsafanci na rabi na biyu na karni na 19, ya wuce wata hanya mai wuya amma mai wadata. Bari muyi magana game da muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin tarihin, game da ayyukan da suka fi muhimmanci da ra'ayi game da mai tunani.

Yara da asali

Oktoba 15, 1844 a Jamus ta Gabas, a wani karamin garin Rekken haifaffen mai tunani mai zuwa. Kowace tarihin, Nietzsche Friedrich ba banda bane, ya fara da kakannin. Kuma tare da wannan a cikin tarihin malaman falsafa, duk abin da ba'a bayyana ba. Akwai sifofin cewa ya fito ne daga dangin Poland wanda ake kira Nitsky, Friedrich ya tabbatar da kansa. Amma akwai masu bincike wadanda suke jayayya cewa iyalin malaman falsafa suna da asalin Jamus da sunayensu. Suna bayar da shawarar cewa Nietzsche kawai ƙirƙirar "Yaren mutanen Poland" domin ya ba da kansa a aura na exclusivity da unusualness. An dai sani cewa ƙarnin nan biyu na kakanninsa sun haɗa da firist, iyayen mahaifin Friedrich sune firistoci na Lutheran, da mahaifinsa. Lokacin da Nietzsche ke da shekaru 5, mahaifinsa ya mutu ne saboda mummunar rashin lafiya, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta koya wa yaro. Ga mahaifiyarsa, yana da ƙauna mai tausayi, kuma tare da 'yar'uwarsa yana da dangantaka mai zurfi kuma mai rikitarwa wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwarsa. Tuni a lokacin yaro, Frederick ya nuna sha'awar zama daban-daban, kuma yana shirye-shiryen ayyuka daban-daban.

Ilimi:

A shekaru 14, Fridrih Nitsshe, falsafa na wanda ya ba tukuna ko da ya fara fito fili, aka aika zuwa dakin motsa jiki shahara Pforta, inda ya sanar da gargajiya harsuna, tsohon tarihin da kuma adabi, kazalika da janar batutuwa. A cikin harsuna na Nietzsche ya yi mahimmanci, amma tare da ilimin lissafi ya kasance mummunan aiki. Yana cikin makaranta cewa Friedrich na da sha'awar kida, falsafanci, da tsoffin litattafai. Ya jarraba kansa kan hanyar marubuci, ya karanta yawan marubucin Jamus. Bayan karatun, a 1862 Nietzsche ya tafi karatu a Jami'ar Bonn a Faculty of Theology da Philosophy. Daga makaranta, ya ji sha'awar ayyukan addini kuma ya yi mafarkin yadda mahaifinsa zai zama fasto. Amma a cikin dalibansa dalilansa ya canza sosai, kuma ya zama mai karfin ikon addini. A Bonn, Nietzsche ba shi da dangantaka da takwarorinsa, sai ya koma Leipzig. A nan an sa ran yayi babban matakai, yayin da yake karatun yayin da aka gayyatarsa ya zama malamin Farfesa na wallafe-wallafen Helenanci. A karkashin jagorancin malaminsa mai ƙauna, masanin kimiyyar Jamus F. Richley, ya yarda da wannan aikin. Nietzsche ya sauke jarrabawa don taken likitan falsafar kuma ya tafi ya koyar a Basel. Amma Friedrich bai ji daɗi daga karatunsa ba, yanayin ilimin zamani ya fara auna shi.

Matasan hobbai

A lokacin matashi Friedrich Nietzsche, wanda falsafarsa ta fara farawa ne, ta sami rinjaye biyu, har ma da tsoratarwa. A shekarar 1868 ya hadu da R. Wagner. Hakanan mawallafan Friedrich ya ji daɗi sosai tun da farko, kuma sanannunsa sunyi karfi a kan shi. Abubuwa biyu masu ban mamaki sun sami yawa: sun ƙaunaci wallafe-wallafen tsohuwar harshen Helenanci, dukansu sun ƙi jinin zamantakewa wanda ya dame ruhu. Shekaru uku, an kafa dangantakar abokantaka a tsakanin Nietzsche da Wagner, amma daga bisani suka kwantar da hankali kuma suka tsaya gaba daya bayan masanin kimiyya ya buga littafin "Human, Too Human". Mai rubutun ya samo alamun bayyanannu na rashin lafiya na marubuci.

Taron karo na biyu ya haɗu da littafin A. Schopenhauer "Duniya kamar yadda Will and Representation". Ta juya ra'ayin Nietzsche akan duniya. Mai tunani yana da matuƙar godiya ga ikon Schopenhauer na iya fadin gaskiyar ga mutanensa, don ƙaddamar da shi don ya saba wa ra'ayoyin da aka yarda. Ayyukansa ne ya sa Nietzsche ya rubuta ayyukan ilimin falsafa kuma ya canza aikinsa - yanzu ya yanke shawarar zama malami.

A lokacin yakin Franco-Prussian, ya yi aiki a matsayin magungunan, da kuma dukan mummunar mummunar mummunar tashe-tashen hankula daga fagen fama, wanda ya fi ƙarfinsa, kawai ya ƙarfafa shi cikin tunanin tunanin da inganta lafiyar abubuwan da suka faru a kan al'umma.

Lafiya

Tun da nake yaro ba na da lafiya sosai, na kasance mai takaici sosai kuma ina da rauni a jiki, watakila wannan shi ne dalilin yarinsa. Nietzsche Frederick yana da mummunan ladabi da tsarin rashin tausayi. A lokacin da ya kai shekaru 18 yana fara kai hare-haren ciwo mai tsanani, tashin hankali, rashin barci, ya sha wahala tsawon lokaci na rage sauti da halin baƙin ciki. Daga baya, neurosyphilis an kara da cewa, an karɓa daga sadarwa tare da karuwa. Lokacin da ya kai shekaru 30, ya fara farautar lafiyar jiki, yana da makafi sosai, yana fama da ciwon kai. Ya fara farautar da shi tare da 'yan kwalliya, wanda hakan ya haifar da rushewa daga gastrointestinal tract. A 1879, Nietzsche ya yi ritaya saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya, jami'ar ta biya masa kyauta. Kuma ya fara ci gaba da yaki da cutar. Amma a wannan lokacin ne aka fara koyar da Friedrich Nietzsche kuma yawancin ilimin falsafancin ya kara girma.

Rayuwar mutum

Masanin kimiyya Friedrich Nietzsche, wanda ra'ayinsa ya canza al'adu na karni na 20, ba shi da damuwa a cikin dangantaka. A cewarsa, akwai mata 4 a rayuwarsa, amma biyu daga cikinsu (masu karuwanci) sun sanya shi a matsayin kadan mai farin ciki. Yana da dangantaka ta farko da 'yar'uwarsa Elizabeth, har ma ya so ya auri ta. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 15, Friedrich ya yi ta azabtarwa da wata mace mai girma. Duk wannan ya rinjayi tunanin mai tunani game da mata da rayuwarsa. Ya ko da yaushe yana so a cikin wata mace don ganin farko daga cikin dukan mai shiga tsakani. Ganinsa ya fi muhimmanci fiye da jima'i. A wani lokaci yana ƙaunar matar Wagner. Daga bisani, likitan kwantar da hankali Lou Salome yayi sha'awarsa, wanda kuma yake son abokinsa, marubucin Paul Rey. Har a wani lokaci sun zauna tare a wannan ɗakin. Yana ƙarƙashin rinjayar abokantaka tare da Lou zai rubuta ɓangaren farko na sanannen aikinsa "Saboda haka Spoke Zarathustra." Sau biyu a rayuwarsa, Frederick ya bada kyauta da zuciya, kuma sau biyu an ƙi shi.

Mafi lokacin rayuwa

Tare da yin ritaya, duk da ciwo mai raɗaɗi, malamin kimiyya ya shiga cikin mafi kyawun zamanin rayuwarsa. Nietzsche Friedrich, wanda littafansa mafi kyawun ya zama maɗaukaki na falsafar duniya, shekaru 10 ya rubuta 11 daga manyan ayyukansa. Shekaru 4 ya rubuta da wallafa mafi shahararren aikinsa "Saboda haka Spoke Zarathustra." Littafin ba kawai ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu ban mamaki ba, ra'ayoyin banbanci, amma kuma bisa ga al'ada ba al'amuran ilimin falsafa ba ne. A ciki ya haɗa da tunani, tauhidin, shayari. Domin shekaru biyu bayan wallafawa na sassa na farko, Nietzsche ya zama mashahuriyar ra'ayin Turai. Ayyukan aiki a littafin ƙarshe "The Will to Power" ya dade shekaru da dama, ya haɗa da tunani na lokacin da suka gabata. An wallafa wannan aikin bayan mutuwar malamin falsafa godiya ga kokarin da 'yar uwarsa ke yi.

Shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwa

A farkon 1898, mummunar cutar ta haifar da ƙarshen falsafar falsafa. Nietzsche Frederick a kan titi ya ga wani wasa na doki, kuma wannan ya jawo masa rashin jin dadi. Kwararru basu gano ainihin dalilai na rashin lafiya ba. Mafi mahimmanci, salo na gidaje suna taka rawa a nan. Dikita ba zai iya bayar da magani ba kuma ya aika da Nietzsche zuwa asibiti a Basel. A can an ajiye shi a cikin ɗakin da aka saka a cikin wani launi mai laushi domin kada ya cutar da kansa. Doctors za su iya kawo mai haƙuri zuwa yanayin barga, wato, ba tare da wani tashin hankali ba, kuma an yarda ya dauke shi gida. Uwar tana kula da ɗanta, yana ƙoƙari ya wahalar da wahalarsa. Amma ta mutu 'yan watanni baya, da kuma Frederick sha wahala a bugun jini, wanda gaba daya immobilize shi da kuma sanya shi ba zai yiwu ba ga magana. Lokaci na karshe da 'yar'uwarsa ta kaddamar da malaman. Ranar 25 ga watan Agustan 1900, bayan wani batu, Nietzsche ya wuce. Yayi shekaru 55 kawai, ya binne masanin kimiyya a wani hurumi a garinsa na kusa da danginsa.

Bayanan falsafa game da Nietzsche

Masanin kimiyya Nietzsche an san shi a ko'ina cikin duniya saboda ra'ayoyinsa da ra'ayoyi. Ya yi sharhi sosai akan al'ummomin Turai na yanzu, musamman ma ginshiƙan Kirista. Mai tunani ya yi imani da cewa tun zamanin zamanin Ancient Girka, wanda yake la'akari da matsayin kyakkyawan wayewa, al'adar Tsohuwar Duniya ta rushe kuma ta lalata. Ya tsara tunaninsa, wanda ake kira The Philosophy of Life. Wannan shugabanci ya yi imanin cewa rayuwar mutum na da banbanci. Kowane mutum yana da mahimmanci ga kwarewarsa. Kuma ainihin kayan rayuwa ba shine tunaninsa ba ne, amma nufinsa. Mutum yana cikin gwagwarmaya da yawa kuma kawai karfi shine ya cancanci rai. Saboda haka ra'ayi na Superman yayi girma - daya daga cikin tsakiyar cikin ka'idar Nietzsche. Yin tunani a kan Friedrich Nietzsche game da ƙauna, ma'anar rayuwa, gaskiya, aikin addini da kimiyya.

Babban ayyuka

Abubuwan al'adu na masanin kimiyya ƙananan ne. Ayyukansa na ƙarshe ya wallafa wata 'yar'uwa wadda ba ta jinkirta gyara matakan daidai da ra'ayinta ba. Amma waɗannan ayyukan sun isa ne cewa Friedrich Nietzsche, wanda aikinsa ya haɗa a cikin shirin da ake bukata akan tarihin falsafar a kowane jami'a a duniya, ya zama ainihin kyakkyawar tunanin duniya. Jerin littattafansa mafi kyau sun haɗa da abubuwan da aka ambata, da ayyukan da ke da kyau da mugunta, maƙiyin Kristi, haihuwar bala'i daga Ruhun Music, da kuma Genealogy of Morals.

Binciken ma'anar rayuwa

Tunani game da ma'anar rayuwa da manufar tarihin su ne ainihin jigogi na falsafar Turai, ba zai iya tsayawa daga gare su da Friedrich Nietzsche ba. Yana magana game da ma'anar rayuwa a yawancin ayyukansa, gaba daya ya musanta shi. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa Kristanci ya ba da hankali ga mutane da ma'anar tunaninsu, a gaskiya ma, yaudarar mutane. Rayuwa ne kawai a cikin duniyar nan kuma ba daidai ba ne a yi alkawarin wasu lada a sauran duniya don halin kirki. Ta haka ne, Nietzsche ya ce, addini yana tayar da mutum, ya sa ya rayu ga dalilan da ba su da kyau ga yanayin mutum. A cikin duniya inda "Allah ya mutu", mutum da kansa yana da alhakin halin kirki da ɗan adam. Kuma wannan shine girman mutum, cewa zai iya "zama mutum" ko ya zama dabba. Har ila yau, mai tunani ya fahimci ma'anar rayuwa a cikin nufin yin iko, mutum (mutum) dole yayi ƙoƙari don nasara, in ba haka ba wanzuwarsa ba shi da ma'ana. Nietzsche ya ga ma'anar tarihi a cikin ilimin Superman, bai riga ya kasance ba kuma yakamata juyin halitta ya haifar da bayyanarsa.

Ma'anar superman

A cikin aikinsa na tsakiya "Saboda haka Spoke Zarathustra," Nietzsche yayi ma'anar ra'ayin Superman. Wannan mutum mai kyau ya rushe dukkanin ka'idoji da tushe, ya yi nasara a kan duniya da sauran mutane, rashin jin daɗi da yaudara ba shi da alaƙa. Tsarin wannan babban abu shi ne "mutum na karshe" wanda, maimakon yin fada da tsayayyiyar magunguna, ya zaɓi hanya mai kyau, dabba ta dabbobi. Bisa ga Nietzsche, an dasa duniyar zamani tare da wannan "karshe", saboda haka ya ga yakin yabon albarka, tsarkakewa da kuma damar da za a sake haifuwa. Masanin burbushin Superman ya kirkiro mai kyau daga A. Hitler kuma ya zama tushen akidar tauhidin. Kodayake malamin ilimin ya shafi komai wannan kuma baiyi tunani ba. Saboda wannan aikin da sunan Nietzsche an dakatar da su a cikin USSR.

Quotes

Falsafa Nietzsche, wanda zancensa ya yada a fadin duniya, ya san yadda za a yi magana da haɓaka da kuma aphoristically. Saboda haka, yawancin maganganunsa suna da sha'awar gabatar da masu magana daban-daban a kowane lokaci. Babban shahararrun masanin kimiyya game da soyayya shine kalmomin: "Mutanen da ba su da ikon soyayya na gaskiya ko abokantaka mai karfi, kullum suna dogara ga aure," "Akwai kullun a cikin soyayya ... amma a cikin rashin hankali akwai kullun kullun . Game da ketare filin, ya yi magana mai ban tsoro: "Ka je mace - ɗauki bulala." Maganarsa ita ce kalmomin: "Duk abinda bai kashe ni ba - ya sa ni karfi."

Muhimmancin falsafancin Nietzsche ga al'ada

Yau, Friedrich Nietzsche quotes daga ayyukan da za a iya samu a da yawa ayyuka na zamani falsafa, ba arouses irin zafin muhawara da zargi a cikin farkon karni na 20th. Bayan haka ka'idarsa ta zama mai juyi kuma ta haifar da hanyoyi masu yawa da suka kasance a cikin tattaunawa tare da Nietzsche. Tare da shi mutum zai iya yarda ko jayayya, amma wanda ba zai iya watsi da shi ba. Manufofin malaman ilimin falsafa suna da tasiri sosai a kan al'ada da fasaha. Alal misali, aikin Nietzsche, misali, T. Mann ya rubuta "Doctor Faustus". Gidansa "falsafar rayuwa" ya ba duniya masanan falsafar kamar V. Dilthey, A. Bergson, O. Spengler.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa

Mutane masu haske suna jawo sha'awar mutane, ba su tsere wa wannan kuma Friedrich Nietzsche ba. Tambayoyi masu ban sha'awa ne da masu bincike suka nema, ana karanta su da jin dadin mutane. Menene sabon abu game da rayuwar malaman falsafa? Alal misali, yana jin daɗin kiɗa a duk rayuwarsa, mai kyau ne na piano. Har ma a lokacin da ya rasa tunaninsa, sai ya kirkiro abubuwan da suka dace kuma ya inganta a asibitin. A 1869, ya rabu da dan kabilar Prussian kuma ya rayu cikin sauran rayuwarsa, ba na cikin wani jiha ba.