Tarihin Socrates - tsarin aikin ra'ayi na mai tunani

Ɗan wani bricklayer da Athenian ungozoma, wanda aka haifa, a fili, a cikin shekara 469 kafin haihuwar Yesu Kristi, ya zama da aka sani a duniya. Tarihin Socrates, "uban" na falsafar zane-zane, yana samuwa a gare mu daga hanyoyi masu yawa. Da farko, aikin ne mai bi na Plato, wanda ya rubuta "The Apology" na malaminsa, da aikin Xenophon. Babban jariri na labarinmu bai rubuta wani aiki ba, amma ya gamsu da tattaunawar da masu sauraronsa. Ya yi imani da cewa a cikin wannan hanya tasowa a su ma'adanin na tunani. Bugu da ƙari, tarihin Socrates (ko kuma maimakon haka, wasu bayanai game da shi) za a iya mayar da wani ɓangare daga Aristophanes mai suna "Clouds". Duk da haka, a cikin wannan aikin, an karanta wani ɗan littafin mai sanannen marubuci, wanda marubucin Helenanci ya rikice tare da abokan adawarsa - wakilai na makaranta.

Shahararren Athenian Falsafa, wanda aka kira "gadfly" na Athenians, ya rayu a wani lokaci na Peloponnesian War. A mafi girman mutanensa, Sophists, ba ya kira kansa sage ba. Ya ƙirƙira kalmar "falsafar". Wato, Socrates ya amince da kansa yana son mai hikima, yana cewa ba ya san komai ba, kuma kawai ya san tabbas. Ya soki ka'idojin dimokuradiyya, da 'yan qasar na Greek polis, da yawa mugu ne, ya tashe ire na mashawarta' yan ƙasa da kuma zargin da sabo da kuma ƙarshe aka yanke masa hukumcin kisa. A cikin 'yan kalmomi, taƙaitacciyar bayanan sa. Socrates, duk da irin wannan labari game da shi, ya haifa duka makaranta na ilimin falsafa, wanda a cikin litattafan Soviet an kira "kyakkyawan manufa".

Babban bambanci tsakanin Athenian "gadfly" da sophists shi ne cewa ya yi la'akari da muhimmancin ba kawai mahimmancin abinda yake cikin ka'idar ba ("mutum shine ma'auni ga dukkan abubuwa"), amma kuma ya dace. A ƙarshe ya yi imani Dalilin. Shi ne, "Nus" - wannan abu ne na asalin allahntaka a cikin kwakwalwar mutum, kuma shi ne mai hukunci na komai. Godiya ga Dalilin, gaskiya yana samuwa a gare mu. In ba haka ba, kowa zai zauna a ra'ayinsu, kuma ba za'a iya zama burin kowa ba. Tabbacin kusanci gaskiya shine Daimonion (muryar ciki, lamiri). Halittar masanin kimiyya shine rayuwarsa. Tarihin Socrates ya nuna mana cewa ya ɗauki ra'ayinsa sosai. Falsafa, daga ra'ayinsa, shine zancen rayuwa mai kyau. Saboda haka, ainihin batun tunani bai kamata ya kasance uwa ba (abin da kuma inda ya faru), amma dabi'a.

Duk da haka, tarihin Socrates ya kuma ce batun tambaya na kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da yake da fifiko. Dole ne mu nemo ainihin, mu sami kowa daga taron. Amma wannan shigarwa yana da kyau kawai ga xa'a, don yana yiwuwa a sani kawai da kuma inganta dabi'un mutum - dagewa, adalci, ƙarfin hali ... Ta haka ne za mu cimma manufar dan Adam - cikakkiyar kyau. Yawancin masu ra'ayin kirki na Socrates sun gaskata cewa shi "mai ladabi ne". Bayan haka, malamin falsafa ya gaskata cewa idan kun san halin kirki, to, zaku iya yin aiki da shi. Don yin wannan, akwai hanyar da Socrates "peeked" a mahaifiyarsa - maye. Wannan shi ne nau'i na harshe, wanda zaka iya tura wanda ya yi kira don tabbatar da cewa shi kansa ya sami amsar daidai.

Daga cikin dalibai da yawa na Socrates shine dan siyasa Alcibiades. Rumor yana da cewa yana cikin ƙauna tare da masanin ilimin falsafa, amma wanda ya ƙi yarda da shawara. Ya yi imanin cewa duk halayen dan Adam ya hana irin wannan dabi'un ta hanyar haɓaka. Socrates ya ceci wannan dan siyasa da kwamandan a lokacin yakin da Spartans, dauke da makamai kawai tare da cudgel - babu wani sojan da bai so ya kashe wani malamin falsafa ba.

Amma abota da Alcibiades yana da mummunar tasiri game da sakamakon mai tunani. Yanayin siyasa a Athens ya canza, siyasa ya fadi da rashin jin daɗin, kuma aka zargi Socrates ba tare da girmama alloli ba kuma ya lalata matasa. Masanin kimiyya ya yi alfahari a lokacin fitina kuma yayi ikirarin cewa bai cancanci hukunci ba, amma ya fi girma. Duk da haka, an yanke masa hukumcin kisa. A matsayin free mutum, sai ya sha guba (af, ba hemlock, bisa labari, da kuma, a fili, da jiko na hemlock) da kuma gode Asclepius (Allah na warkar) domin maida. Don haka mai tunani ya nuna sha'awar shiga cikin duniya mafi kyau fiye da wanda ya rayu a baya. Wannan ya faru a 399 BC. Masanin kimiyya Socrates, wanda labarinsa ya takaitaccen labarin a cikin wannan labarin, ya ba da misali kuma bai koya ba kawai rayuwarsa ba, har ma da mutuwa.