Perestroika a cikin Tarayyar Soviet 1985-1991: description, Yanã da kuma sakamakon

Perestroika (1985-1991) a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ya da wani babban-sikelin sabon abu a cikin siyasa, tattalin arziki da kuma rayuwar al'umma na jihar. Wasu mutane sun yi imani da cewa ta al'amarinta ya kasance wani ƙoƙari na hana rushewar kasar, yayin da wasu tunanin cewa shi tura da kungiyar tarayyar durkushe. Bari mu gano abin da ke a sake fasalin kudin da Tarayyar Soviet (1985-1991). A takaice kokarin bayyana ta haddasawa da kuma sakamakon.

prehistory

Saboda haka, inda ya fara aikin sake farfado da Tarayyar Soviet (1985-1991)? A dalilai da kuma sakamakon da matakai za mu bincika baya. Yanzu za mu mayar da hankali a kan matakai ba wadda ta gabãta wannan lokaci a Rasha tarihi.

Kamar kusan duk mamaki a rayuwar mu, da sake fasalin kudin na 1985-1991 a cikin Tarayyar Soviet na da prehistory. Manuniya na jindadin na yawan a cikin 70 na na karshe karni a kasar ya kai wani mataki matakin a matsayin dogon. Duk da haka, ya kamata a lura da cewa shi ne daidai a wannan lokacin nasa ne da kashi wani gagarumin dakushe ci gaban tattalin arziki, domin cewa a nan gaba duk wannan lokaci tare da wani haske hannu M. S. Gorbacheva kira "zamanin stagnation."

Wani mummunan sabon abu ne quite na kowa karancin dukiya, a cikin hanyar wanda da masu bincike kira shortcomings na shirya tattalin arzikin.

A fi mayar neutralize inda hakan ya bunkasa masana'antu taimaka man fetur da kuma iskar gas fitarwa. Kamar a lokacin, Tarayyar Soviet ya zama daya daga cikin duniya most exporters na albarkatun data, taimaka da cin gaban sabon filayen. A daidai wannan lokaci da kara rabo na man fetur da kuma iskar gas a cikin GDP na kasar ya sanya tattalin arziki Manuniya na Tarayyar Soviet a cikin wani gagarumin dogara a kan duniya farashin ga wadanda albarkatun.

Amma da sosai high kudin man fetur (saboda takunkumin tattalin arziki a kan bayarwa na Arab States "black zinariya" a West) taimake santsi daga cikin mafi yawan m events a cikin Soviet tattalin arzikin. The alheri na yawan ne kullum tanã bayyana, kuma mafi yawan talakawa mutane ko da sun yi zaton su iya ba, da zai iya dukkan canza nan da nan. Eh, haka sanyi ...

Duk da haka, jagorancin da kasa karkashin jagorancin Leonidom Ilichom Brezhnevym iya ba, ko ba ya so ya fundamentally canza wani abu a cikin manajan da tattalin arziki. High scores kawai rufe ƙurji matsalolin tattalin tara a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, wanda barazanar karya a kowane lokaci, daya yana da kawai ya canza waje ko ciki yanayi.

Wannan canji a wadannan yanayi ya jagoranci wani tsari da cewa yanzu da aka sani da perestroika a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a 1985-1991.

The aiki a Afghanistan da kuma takunkumin da Tarayyar Soviet

A shekarar 1979, Tarayyar Soviet ta kaddamar da wani soja aiki a Afghanistan, wanda aka hukumance gabatar a matsayin kasa da kasa da taimako ga 'yan uwantaka da mutane. Gabatarwa na Soviet sojojin a Afghanistan da aka ba su yarda da kwamitin sulhu na MDD, wanda aiki a matsayin wata hujjar da Amurka su yi amfani da jerin matakan tattalin arziki da kungiyar ke sa yanayin da takunkumi, da kuma yiwuwa ajiye wasu daga cikinsu a Yammacin Turai.

Duk da haka, duk da dukan} o} arin, gwamnatin Amurka ya gaza cimma a kasashen Turai daskare da gina manyan sikelin-bututun iskar gas Urengoi - Uzhgorod. Kuma waɗanda takunkumi, wanda aka gabatar, na iya haifar da gagarumin lalacewar da Soviet tattalin arzikin. Kuma lalle ne, haƙĩƙa yaki a Afghanistan ma ake bukata babba abu halin kaka, kazalika da inganta da rashin biyan bukata, na yawan jama'ar.

Yana da wadannan abubuwan da suka faru ne na farko harbingers na tattalin arziki auka na Tarayyar Soviet, amma kawai yaki da kuma takunkumin da aka fili bai isa ba ga duk fragility na tattalin arziki Dalili na Tarayyar Soviet.

Fadowa man farashin

Muddin farashin man zauna a cikin $ 100 kowace ganga, da Tarayyar Soviet ba yawa kula da takunkumi na kasashen turai. An fara daga 80s akwai ya kasance wani gagarumin raguwar tattalin arzikin duniya, wanda da gudummawar da fall a man farashin saboda ƙananan bukatar. Bugu da kari, a shekarar 1983 da OPEC kasashen ki daga gyarawa farashin ga hanya, da kuma Saudi Arabia muhimmanci ƙara ƙara da hakar albarkatun kasa. Wannan ya taimaka da kara ci gaba da rushewar farashin "black zinariya". Idan a 1979 ganga na mai nema $ 104, sa'an nan a shekarar 1986 wadannan Figures ya auku ga $ 30, wato, da kudin da ya auku da kusan 3.5 sau.

Wannan zai iya samun tasiri a kan tattalin arzikin da Tarayyar Soviet, wanda shi ne har yanzu a cikin Brezhnev zamanin zo da wani gagarumin dogara a kan man fetur. Tare da Amurka takunkumi da kuma sauran kasashen turai, kazalika da ma'ana wanda ya kasa aiki management kaifi digo a cikin kudin da "black zinariya" zai iya kai ga rushewar tattalin arzikin kasar.

A sabon Soviet jagoranci karkashin jagorancin M. S. Gorbachevym, wanda ya zama shugaba na jihar a shekarar 1985, ya gane cewa bukatar ma canza management tsarin da tattalin arziki, kazalika da gudanar da sauye-sauye a duk duniyoyin na kasa rai. Yana da wani ƙoƙari na yi wadannan sauye-sauye da kuma ya jagoranci zuwa fitowan da irin mamaki a matsayin perestroika (1985-1991) a cikin Tarayyar Soviet.

A dalilan da sake fasalin kudin

Me daidai haddasawa kunshi perestroika a cikin Tarayyar Soviet (1985-1991)? Bari mu ɗan tattauna su a kasa.

Babban dalilin da ya kai kasar ta jagoranci zuwa yin tunãni a kan bukatar gagarumin canje-canje - biyu a cikin tattalin arzikin da kuma a cikin zamantakewa da siyasa domin a matsayin dukan - shi ne ganin cewa a halin yanzu yanayi da kasar ta fuskanci tattalin arziki auka ko, a mafi kyau, wani gagarumin dakushe duk Manuniya. Game da gaskiya daga cikin rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1985, ba shakka, babu daya daga cikin shugabannin na kasar, ba su ma tunanin.

Babban dalilai su ne samar da kuzari ga fahimta da zurfin na latsa tattalin arziki, administrative da matsalolin zamantakewa ne:

1. A soja aiki a Afghanistan.
2. Gabatarwa na takunkumi da matakan da Tarayyar Soviet.
3. A fall a man farashin.
4. A ajizanci na kula da tsarin.

Wadannan su ne manyan dalilan perestroika a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a 1985-1991.

farko na sake fasalin kudin

Kamar yadda a farkon perestroika a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, 1985-1991?

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, da farko, 'yan mutane zaton korau abubuwan da zama a cikin tattalin arziki da kuma rayuwar al'umma da Tarayyar Soviet, iya zahiri kai ga auka daga cikin kasar, don haka da farko an shirya sake fasalin kudin kamar yadda gyara na wasu shortcomings daga cikin tsarin.

Farko na sake fasalin kudin iya a yi la'akari a cikin Maris 1985, a lokacin da babban sakataren CPSU shugabannin jam'iyyar ya zaba a gwada matasa da kuma alkawarin memba na Politburo na Mihaila Sergeevicha Gorbacheva. A wannan lokacin ya kasance 54 years old, wanda saboda mutane da yawa za su ze ba sai kadan, amma idan aka kwatanta da baya kasa ya kasance da gaske shugabannin matasa. Saboda haka, L. I. Brezhnev ya zama sakatare janar 59 shekaru da kuma zauna a wannan wuri har mutuwarsa riske shi a cikin 75 years. Shagaltar bayan da gaskiya, mafi muhimmanci a kasar jama'a ofishin Yuri Andropov da Konstantin Chernenko ya zama babban sakataren 68 da kuma 73 bi da bi, amma sun iya ciyar kawai kadan fiye da shekara kowane bayan zuwan to ikon.

Wannan halin da ake ciki na nuni da wani gagarumin stagnation na ma'aikata a cikin mafi girma echelons na jam'iyyar. Ganawa da sakatare janar na gwada matasa da kuma sabon a cikin shugabannin jam'iyyar mutum, Mikhail Gorbachev, ya zuwa wasu har shafi da mafita ga matsalar.

Gorbachev nan da nan ya bayyana a fili cewa an za a gudanar da wani yawan canje-canje a fannoni daban daban a kasar. Duk da haka, to, shi ya har yanzu ba a bayyana yadda ya zuwa yanzu duk wannan zai tafi.

A watan Afrilu na shekarar 1985, babban sakatari, ya ce da bukatar accelerating da ci gaban tattalin arziki da Tarayyar Soviet. Cewa Kalmar "hanzari" sau da yawa ake kira rukunin farko na sake gina, wanda dade har 1987, kuma ba ya nufa, wani gagarumin canji a cikin tsarin. Its ayyuka sun hada da gabatarwar a wasu administrative sake fasalin. Cikin hanzari da taki na ci gaba da yakan haifar da wata karuwa a kan aikin injiniya da kuma manyan masana'antu. Amma a karshen gwamnatin ta ayyuka ba su kãwo so sakamakon.

A watan Mayun 1985, Gorbachev ya bayyana cewa shi ne lokacin da za a sāke gina dukan kõme. Shi ne daga wannan sanarwa da akwai da kalmar "sake fasalin kudin", amma cikin gabatarwar ga m amfani da wani daga baya lokacin.

Na zamani gyara

Shi ba ya bukatar ya ɗauka cewa da farko duk a raga, kuma manufofin da aka gano, wanda ya warware perestroika a cikin Tarayyar Soviet (1985-1991). The matakai za a iya raba hudu lokaci lokaci.

A mataki na farko na sake raya, wadda har yanzu ake kira "kara", za ka iya dauka a lokacin daga shekarar 1985 zuwa shekarar 1987. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, duk da sababbin abubuwa sa'an nan suka fi mayar da administrative. Sa'an nan, a shekarar 1985, ya fara da anti-barasa yaƙin neman zaɓe, da burin da ya sanya dakushe matakin shan barasa a kasar ya kai wani m batu. Amma a cikin wannan yaƙin neman zaɓe ya dauka a yawan mutane suke so matakan da mutanen da suka za a iya daukan "ta'addi." A musamman, an halaka su da wata babbar dama da gonakin inabi, ta bullo da wani a zahiri shine ban a gaban barasa a cikin iyali da kuma sauran bukukuwan da ake gudanar da wakilan jam'iyyar. Bugu da kari, da anti-barasa yaƙin neman zaɓe ya jagoranci wani kasawa na sayar da giya a cikin shaguna da kuma wani gagarumin karuwa a cikin darajar.

A mataki na farko da aka ayyana a matsayin dauke da fitar da yaki da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma unearned samun kudin shiga jama'a. A tabbatacce al'amurran da wannan lokaci dole ne a dangana da wani gagarumin jiko na sabon cadres na shugabannin jam'iyyar, wanda ya so ya gudanar da wani gagarumin gaske garambawul. Daga cikin wadannan mutane za a iya bambanta Yeltsin da Ryzhkov.

A nuclear bala'i, wanda ya faru a shekarar 1986, ya nuna rashin iyawa na data kasance tsarin, ba kawai su hana wani bala'i, amma kuma yadda ya kamata a magance da nasa sakamakon. Gaggawa nuclear 'yan kwanaki boye hukumomi, guje miliyoyin mutanen da suke rayuwa kusa da bala'in zone. Wannan ya nuna cewa, kasar jagoranci aiki ta amfani da haihuwa hanyoyin, wadda, ta halitta, ba su son mutane.

Bugu da kari, shi gudanar har da sauye-sauye sun nuna ya zama m, tun tattalin arziki Manuniya ci gaba da fada, a matsayin mafi girma da kuma mafi rashin biyan bukata da manufofin shugabanci a cikin al'umma. Wannan hujja da gudummawar da ganin na Gorbachev da kuma wasu sauran wakilan jam'iyyar jagoranci ga cewa rabin mudu ba, kuma wajibi ne a gudanar da wani m sake fasalin don ajiye rana.

sake fasalin al'amura a raga

A sama-aka bayyana a jihar na abubuwa da gudummawar da cewa kasar ta jagoranci iya ba nan da nan sanin takamaiman raga na perestroika a cikin Tarayyar Soviet (1985-1991). Tebur a kasa a takaice characterizes su.

Sphere	a raga
tattalin arzikin	A gabatarwar da abubuwa na kasuwar hanyoyin inganta yadda ya dace da tattalin arzikin
management	A tsarin dimokuradiyya na shugabanci
jama'a	Demokradiya da na jama'a, gaskiya,
dangantakar kasa da kasa	Daidaita dangantakar da kasashen yammacin duniya

Babban manufar wanda ya Tarayyar Soviet a lokacin perestroika shekaru na 1985-1991, ya haifar da wani nagarta sosai aiki jihar iko inji ta na tsari da sake fasalin.

mataki II

Cewa sama da matsaloli sun kasance asali ga jagorancin da Tarayyar Soviet a lokacin da maimaitawa a 1985-1991. a cikin mataki na biyu na wannan tsari, wanda za a iya gani a farkon na shekara 1987.

Sai a wannan lokaci da aka muhimmanci tausasa da yin katsalandan, wanda aka nuna a cikin abin da ake kira da manufofin na gaskiya. Yana bayar da ga admissibility na tattaunawa a cikin al'umma zuwa ga waɗanda suke a baya ko dai yi watsi da ko da aka dakatar. Hakika, wannan ya kasance wani gagarumin mataki wajen tsarin dimokuradiyya da tsarin, amma a lokaci guda akwai ya kasance mai yawan mummunan sakamakon. Open kwarara bayanai ga abin da Company ne shekarun da suka gabata bayan da "baƙin ƙarfe labule" ne kawai ba a shirye, da gudummawar da wani m bita da akida na gurguzu, da akida da kuma halin kirki rage daraja, fitowan na kasa da kuma aware jin zuciya a kasar. A musamman, a shekarar 1988 shi ya fara Inter-kabilanci da makamai rikici a Nagorno-Karabakh.

Har ila yau gudanar da wasu daban na kai-da aikin yi, musamman a cikin irin hadin aka yarda su.

A kasashen waje da manufofin, Tarayyar Soviet tafi babba asasshe zuwa Amurka a cikin bege na dagawa da takunkumi. Popular sau da yawa, akwai tarurruka tsakanin Gorbachev da kuma shugaban kasar Amurka Ronald Reagan, a lokacin da wata yarjejeniya a kan kwance damarar yaki da aka cimma. A shekarar 1989 Afghanistan karshe an janye Soviet sojojin.

Amma ya kamata a lura da cewa biyu lokaci na sake fasalin kudin da aka ba ta samu nasarar manufofin gina mulkin demokra] iyya gurguzanci.

Mataki III a sake fasalin kudin

The uku mataki na sake fasalin kudin, wanda ya fara a cikin rabi na biyu na shekarar 1989, alama ta gaskiya cewa matakai abin da ke faruwa a kasar, ya fara fita daga karkashin ikon gwamnatin tsakiya. Yanzu ta da aka tilasta ta hanyar su ne kawai don daidaita.

A kasar ya wuce wani farati da sovereignties. Republican hukumomi sun sanar da fifiko na dokokin gida da ka'idoji kafin All-Union, idan sun kasance a cikin rikici da juna. Kuma a watan Maris shekarar 1990 Lithuania ayyana ta janye daga Tarayyar Soviet.

A shekarar 1990, shugaban ofishin, wanda da wakilai, zabe Mikhail Gorbachev da aka gabatar. A nan gaba shi aka shirya don riƙe da zaben na shugaban kasa da m kai tsaye zaben.

Duk da haka, ya bayyana cewa baya format na dangantakar dake tsakanin jamhuriyoyin tarayyar Soviet goyon wani ba. Yana shirya ya sake shirya shi a cikin wani "taushi Tarayya" a karkashin sunan kungiyar Mamallaki Amirka. 1991 juyin mulki shekara magoya bayan wanda ya so adana tsohon tsarin, sa an kawo karshen wannan ra'ayin.

post-perestroika

Bayan da danniya na juyin mulki, mafi Soviet jamhuriyoyin sanar da janyewa daga ta membobinsu da kuma ayyana 'yancin kai. Kuma abin da shi ne sakamakon? Abin da ya jagoranci sake fasalin kudin? Rushewar Tarayyar Soviet ... 1985-1991 shekaru da aka kashe a cikin m fitattu don daidaita halin da ake ciki a kasar. A cikin fall na 1991 an yi yunkurin sake fasalin tsohon superpower cikin wani tarayya na CCV, wanda ya ci tura.

Babban kalubale da ke fuskantar hudu mataki na sake fasalin kudin, wanda kuma ake kira post-perestroika, shi ne tsiyacewa da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma halitta da dangantakar dake tsakanin jamhuriyoyin tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet. Wannan burin da aka zahiri cimma a Bialowieza Forest a taron shugabannin na Rasha, Ukraine da Belarus. Daga baya shiga ta fi na sauran jamhuriyoyin zuwa Belavezha yarjejeniyar.

By karshen shekarar 1991, Tarayyar Soviet ba ko ƙa'ida daina wanzuwa.

sakamakon

Mun yi karatu da matakai faruwa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a lokacin perestroika (1985-1991), a takaice a kan haddasawa da kuma matakai na wannan sabon abu. Yanzu yana da lokaci zuwa magana game da sakamakon.

Da farko, dole ne a ce game da auka cewa ya sha wahala a cikin sake fasalin kudin Tarayyar Soviet (1985-1991). A sakamakon duka biyu masu tsara manufofi da kuma ga kasar a matsayin dukan sun kasance m. A kasar da aka raba da dama m jihohi, rikicin makamai ya fara a wasu daga cikinsu, akwai mai catastrophic dakushe tattalin arziki Manuniya, an gaba daya ragu da kwaminisanci ra'ayin, da kuma jam'iyyar kwaminis an shafe ta.

Amma babban burin kafa ta sake fasalin kudin, ba a cimma. A akasin wannan, da halin da ake ciki da aka aggravated fi. The kawai galaba za a iya gani kawai a tsarin dimokuradiyya na al'umma kuma a cikin asalin kasuwar Sin. Tarayyar Soviet a lokacin gyara tsawon 1985-1991 ne a jihar da cewa ba zai iya yin tsayayya ciki da waje kalubale.