Kiwo - abin da yake da shi? Kiwo na shuke-shuke da dabbobi

The kafa na manufar "selection" ne Charles Darwin, wanda ya iya bayyana rawar da kwayoyin bambancin da kuma wucin gadi selection a cikin halittar kuma da cin gaban sabuwar breeds da iri.

Mene ne selection

Definition tsara kamar haka: "kiwo - shi ne nazarin hanyoyin da halittar da kuma kyautata iri na amfanin gona da shuke-shuke, breeds dabbobi da kuma damuwa na kwayoyin."

Iri-iri, ko kuma irin - wannan shi ne wani mutum da aka yi wucin gadi yanayin yawan jama'ar, wanda yana da invaluable amfãni ga mutum: yana da m hereditary halaye, high yawan aiki, wajibi ne physiological da morphological sigogi.

Selection (abin da ake nufi - mai cikakken nazarin ilmin halitta), halin da bayyanar dabbobin gida breeds, kazalika da sabon iri na amfanin gona, sakamakon wucin gadi selection, wanda shi ne kawai mutum zai iya ciyar.

Al'adu siffofin ne halin da cewa suna da wani sosai karfi ɓullo da wasu halaye da wanda jiki ne da wuya ta wanzu a irin wannan yanayi, amma suna da amfani ga mutane. A karin misalin mai ikon kaza qwai to ɗari uku a shekara. A yanayi, wani alama na tsuntsu ne m, tun da kaza ba zai iya zama a fitar da mutum ɗari uku qwai.

tarihin asali

A farkon ta zama ba, shi ya Hanyar wucin gadi selection na kiwo. Mene ne painstaking aiki na shekaru masu yawa, da nufin samun wani musamman amfani fasalin - su san kawai shayarwa. Kafin goma sha bakwai karni, kiwo selection ya sume. Alal misali, mutum nã zãɓen mafi girma tsaba samun girbi mai kyau, ba tare da tunanin cewa da shuka An riga an canza a kan hanya ga wani mutum.

Kuma kawai game da mutum ɗari da mutane karshe shekaru fara, har yanzu ba tare da nazarin dokoki da ka'idojin halittar jini, purposefully da gangan haye irin shuke-shuke da cewa mafi kyau gamsar da mutum yake so da kuma bukatun.

Amma kawai ta wucin gadi selection, mutum zai iya ƙirƙirar sabon siffofin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Amfani da wannan hanya, za ka iya zaɓar kawai ne ga waɗanda genotypes cewa riga ya wanzu a cikin yawan. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa halin yanzu ana amfani hybridization, kyale mu samu wani sabon gaba daya shuka iri da kuma dabbobi breeds.

Mene ne shuka kiwo

A mafi muhimmanci da hanyoyin da selection na shuke-shuke suna da hybridization da selection. Domin giciye-pollinated shuke-shuke amfani da wani m selection na da ake so Properties. In ba haka ba, ba za ka iya samun kayan da ake bukata domin kara aiki. Godiya ga wannan hanya, sabon iri na giciye-pollinated shuke-shuke suna samuwa (misali hatsin rai). Irin wannan iri ne genetically kama. Amma ga m Lines masana kimiyya amfani mutum selection, a lokacin da a sakamakon kai-pollination ne mai yiwuwa a samu high quality-kofe tare da zama dole halaye da kuma siffofin.

Domin shuka kiwo ne sosai akai-akai amfani da gwaji polyploidy, kamar yadda kowane daga polyploidy ne halin high yawan amfanin ƙasa, manyan size da kuma gwada da m girma.

Akwai kuma wani hanya ne na wucin gadi mutagenesis, wanda aka dauke ta Vavilov. The jiki, samar da gwaggwabar riba mai maye gurbi da samun sabon Properties, kira mutant, da kuma aiwatar da canji - maye gurbi.

Musamman dabbobi kiwo

Mene ne selection na dabbobi - shi ne, ba wuya a amsa. Yana da matukar kama da shuka kiwo, amma har yanzu yana da wasu peculiarities. Ka tuna cewa dabba ne halayyar kawai na jima'i haifuwa. Saboda da sosai rare ta yin canji (a cikin dabbobin da yawa a 'yan shekaru baya), da yawan mutane a cikin zurriyar musamman kananan. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa, gudanar da kiwo aiki, masana kimiyya bukatar bincika duk waje siffofin halayyar wani irin.

domestication

Mene ne selection a ilmin halitta? Definition ne aka ba a cikin makaranta manhaja. A mafi muhimmanci rabo daga mutãne ne domestication na dabbobin daji fiye da dubu goma da suka wuce. Saboda haka, mutane za su da akai tushen abinci.

Pet halin gaban musamman siffofin da suke da sau da yawa cutarwa ga halitta zama, amma ga wani mutum ne invaluable kyau darajar. Factor na domestication shi ne wucin gadi selection na mutane da cewa hadu mutum bukatun. Mutane zabi dabbobi da cewa yana da kyau view, wani m hali da kuma sauran muhimmanci ingancin wani mutum.

Da zarar sume bayyana methodical selection. Ya burin - don ƙirƙirar da dabbobi dole da kuma amfani quality.

domestication na sabon dabbobi Hanyar aikata ta a mutumin a yau. Wannan dole ne shi, misali, don samar high quality-furs. Saboda haka, wani sabon reshe na masana'antu - Jawo noma.

Cross-kiwo da kuma selection

Selection (abin da ake nufi ga mutãne - za ka iya koyi da karanta wannan labarin) ya bi da wani Hanyar kamar giciye-waddan dabbobi. Wannan ne yake aikata inganta bayyanar, ingancin nama ko madara mai karuwa. Mutane da cewa suna bred aka kimanta ba kawai a kan su bayyanar, amma kuma a kan ingancin zũriyarsu. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa yana da muhimmanci sosai don nazarin su asalinsu.

A lokacin akwai nau'i biyu daga crosses: inbreeding da outbreeding. Nau'i na farko shi ne halin da mararraba na mutane ba kawai daya, amma daban-daban breeds. Bugu da ari m selection ne iya kula amfani halaye da kuma don su kara yawan zuriyarsa.

A lokacin inbreeding amfani da iyaye da zũriyarmu, ko 'yan'uwansu. Saboda wannan mararraba ne ta ƙara homozygosity da kuma kulla m dabiu a cikin zuriyarsa.

Hybridization yana da wani gwada da low sakamako, domin mafi yawan interspecific hybrids ne infertile dabbobi.

Mene ne wani zaɓi na abubuwa na standardization? Wannan ra'ayi ya bayyana aiki da shi ne zabin da wasu abubuwa, sami Fit domin su kara samar da amfani a dukkan duniyoyin da rayuwar dan Adam.

selection na microorganisms

Kwayoyin taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muciya, da kuma kai tsaye a rayuwar dan Adam. Mutãne yana amfani da daruruwan kananan kwayoyin halitta, da kuma lambar da aka girma a kowace shekara.

Selection na kwayoyin ne halin da dama fasali. Shayarwa da a kantin sayar da wani iyaka adadin kayan. Tun da gene na wani kwayoyin haploid, masana kimiyya iya gane da maye gurbi a cikin ƙarni na farko. Kwayoyin cutar suna da gwada kananan yawan kwayoyin halittu, sabili da haka a gudanar da wani aiki mafi sauki da kuma sauri.

Kwayoyin cutar na iya da kansa nuna da amfani ga ɗan adam abu, kuma shi ne yana amfani da dũkiyõyinsu a selection na kwayoyin. Mene ne Hanyar kayyade aikin injiniya a cikin masana'antu da shi? Wannan sa na ayyuka, ya sa kwayoyin cuta, don samar da wadannan mahadi, wanda ba su samar a vivo.

Wani lokacin shayarwa ta amfani da transduction - da aka canjawa wuri daga daya kwayoyin zuwa wani so DNA, kuma ta haka ne kara da muhimmancin kwayoyin ga muhalli.

An muhimmanci Hanyar selection aiki tare da kwayoyin - hybridization na daban-daban damuwa. Wannan hanya ba ka damar hada kayan da cewa ba zai iya faruwa a yanayi.

Kamar yadda kiwo aikin da za'ayi

Mene ne selection a ilmin halitta? Tabbatar da dalilin da ba ka damar koyi game da sabon da kuma inganta iri, damuwa da kuma alƙarya da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Don kwanan wata, duk kiwo aiki ne da za'ayi shan la'akari da cewa da bukatar m kasuwanni da kuma samar. Alal misali, masana kimiyya sun ɓullo da wani musamman sake amfani fasahar man fetur kayayyakin, da ikon juya su a cikin amfani da furotin-bitamin samfurin. Wannan nasara zo godiya ga selection na kwayan damuwa.

Mene ne selection a ilmin halitta? A muhimmanci sosai yanki na amfani da kimiyya da sa wani mutum don samun high quality-kayayyakin abinci da kuma sabon iri na zamani samar.