Injiniyan inji a Ukraine: da masana'antu da kuma na yanzu trends

Inji Engineering na Ukraine ya al'ada aka dauke da manyan kamfanoni da kuma locomotive na tattalin arziki. Ga sun mayar da hankali da babbar high-tech Enterprises mota da kuma jirgin sama injiniya, metallurgy, makamashi, tsaro da tattalin arziki da kuma sauran filayen.

A tarihin ci gaban masana'antu

Ya fara da labarin da aikin injiniyan inji a Ukraine a cikin XIX karni. A ci gaba da manyan kwal a cikin Donets Basin da kuma ci gaban metallurgy bukata da amfani da masana'antu kayan aiki, kayan aiki, karfe. Domin aikin noma, shi ma aka yi bukatar mafi kayan aikin da m mechanization.

A farko factory aikin gona inji aka bude a 1840 a Mlieve. Manyan kamfanonin sun Alexandrovsky Shuka a Ekaterinoslav (yanzu Dnepropetrovsk), Shuka Hughes a Donetsk shuka "Dnipro" a Kamensky (yanzu Dnipropetrovsk), locomotive shagunan a Kharkov, kuma Lugansk. Kafin juyin juya halin a total masana'antu fitarwa na Rasha Empire, Ukraine ta rabo ya 25%.

New Breath kayan Ukraine tsiwirwirinsu tare da zuwan Soviet iko. A fannin kudi mai yawa da aka kashe a cikin shiri na manyan kamfanoni. .. A musamman, da Kharkov injin turbin Shuka (1929), da Kharkov Hoor Shuka (1930), Dnepropetrovsk Electric Locomotive Shuka (1934), Kiev sulke shuka (1935), da dai sauransu Bayan yaki, babban ci gaba da aka samu high-tech injiniya masana'antu: zirgar jiragen sama, sarari roka, mota, tsaro da tattalin arziki, nauyi aikin injiniya, kayan aiki wajen yin da sauransu.

Janar halaye

Wannan Trend na ci gaba aikin injiniyan inji a Ukraine magana game da m canji da kuma reorganization na dukan tsarin da masana'antu. A kan backdrop na dangantaka da Rasha (da babban abokin) da kuma fadada na fitarwa damar zuwa Turai daga manyan kamfanonin fito fili kamar yadda matsaloli tare da fitarwa na gargajiya kayayyakin, kazalika da wasu al'amurra na diversification na samarwa a nan gaba.

Don da tambaya "Ka kwatanta aikin injiniya masana'antu na Ukraine tsarin" da ainihin amsar. Machine-Ginin na Ukraine ya hada fiye da 20 musamman rassan, 58 sub-rassan. A gaskiya, a cikin ƙasar wakilci dukan data kasance iri aikin injiniya. Kamar yadda na aikin Figures, 11.267 kamfanoni rajista a cikin tsarin 146 na wanda shi ne babba, 1834 - talakawan, da kuma 9287 - kananan. A tsarin ma'aikata miliyan 1.5 ma'aikata ne.

analysis fitarwa

Bisa ga jihar Statistics kwamitin, da samar da na'ura-Ginin a 2011-2013, a kan bango na dukan masana'antu su ne kamar haka (duba tebur.)

Bisa kididdigar da, ko da a gaban rikicin a 2014 akwai wani karu na samar da kundin na kansu daga 10 zuwa 8.7%. Idan muka kwatanta da aikin injiniyan inji na Ukraine da kuma duniya, cikin sharuddan tallace-tallace (a matsayin mai yawan total masana'antu) Figures bambanta - wannan rabo ne mai yawa ƙananan fiye da a raya ƙasashe. Wannan Trend ne halin da m ci gaban da na'ura-Ginin.

An bincike na fitarwa da kuma shigowa da

'Yan shekarun nan, da fitarwa na kayan masana'antu kayayyakin da farko lissafta ga CIS kasashe, mafi yawa a cikin Rasha Federation da kuma Kazakhstan. A raguwa a zuba jari aiki a manyan kasuwanni kai ga wani karu a cikin fitarwa masana'antu fitarwa.

Bisa ga jihar Statistics kwamitin Ukraine, a 2011-2013, da jamhuriyar fitar dashi fiye da rabin na samarwa zuwa wasu kasashen. Duk da haka, baya karuwa a bukatar Ukrainian kayayyakin a kasuwannin duniya da kuma fitarwa fuskantarwa na na'ura-gina hadaddun na kasar a shekarar 2015, ya zuwa hanyar stagnation a cikin masana'antar.

Ukraine injiniya kayayyakin, wanda shigo waje abõkan tãrayya (2014):

• Motors da kuma farashinsa (jimlar kudaden shiga - $ 3 billion).
• Banana kayan aiki ($ 2.7 biliyan).
• W / d sufuri ($ 0.8 biliyan).
• Road kai ($ 0.3 biliyan).
• Air sufuri ($ 0.2 biliyan).
• Kayan aiki ($ 0.2 biliyan).
• Kotun ($ 0.1 biliyan).

injiniya cibiyoyin a Ukraine

A bisa ga al'ada, mafiya yawa daga cikin masana'antu ne located a cikin tsakiyar da kuma gabashin kasar. Sun ayan megacities da Donbass masana'antu yankin. Major injiniya gungu ne Kiev, Kharkov, kuma Dnepropetrovskiy.

Major injiniya ayyukansu (Ukraine):

• Roka da kuma sarari da kuma jirgin sama masana'antu: Kiev ( "Antonov"), Zaporozhye ( "Motor Sich"), Dnipropetrovsk ( "Pivdenmash").
• Automotive: Zaporozhye (ZAZ, "IVECO-Motor Sich"), Kremenchug (KraZ), Cherkasy ( "Bogdan"), Lutsk (LuAZ), Kiev ( "UkrAvto").
• Kai injiniya: Kharkov (HZTM Malyshev, HTZ Ordzhonikidze ..).
• Shipbuilding: Nikolaev ( "Ocean" Shuka mai suna bayan 61 Communards.), Kherson (Kherson masana'antar ƙera jiragen ruwa).
• Tã kayan: Mariupol ( "Azovmash"), Kramatorsk (Novokramatorsky Machine Works), Donetsk (NPK "Mining inji"), Sumy (Sumy Frunze.), Kharkov ( "Electrotyazhmash", "Turboatom"), Kiev ( "Bolshevik" ), Dnipropetrovsk ( "Dneprotyazhmash").
• F / A sufuri: Ball ( "Dneprovagonmash"), Kremenchug (Krukiv), Lugansk ( "Luganskteplovoz").
• Lantarki da kayan aiki na aikin injiniya: Zaporozhye ( "ZTR"), Odessa ( "Telecard-na'urar").
• Home Appliances: Donetsk ( "Nord").
• Metalworking: Kharkov (garaya).

mota masana'antu

Yana yana da wani arziki al'adar mota aikin injiniya a Ukraine. A masana'antu samar da wani cikakken kewayon soja da farar hula, kayayyakin. Yana maida hankali ne akan fadi da kewayon kungiyoyi da hannu a cikin ci gaban da kera da sayar da motoci, motocin fasinja da kuma kasuwanci manyan motoci, bas, Trailers, babura, mopeds, kayayyakin gyara da na'urorin haɗi.

A cewar manufar ci gaban masana'antu na mota a 2015 ana sa ran samar da har zuwa 500,000 motoci, har zuwa 45,000 manyan motoci, 20,000 bas. A yi, da rabo daga masana'antu a masana'antu samar a 'yan shekarun nan shi ne kawai 0,8-0,6%, kuma a cikin halittar kasa} asashensu - kasa da 0.4-0.3%. Automotive aikin injiniya a Ukraine ne halin da underdeveloped, da kuma ta bayar da kasa tattalin arzikin kaɗan. A cikin tsarin yin amfani da kasa da 0.1% na dukkan aiki a kasar.

A kashi "motoci ne" ba, yafi SKD waje brands tsakiyar aji (C, B) tare da low matakin na sarrafawa da kuma kara da darajar halitta a kan ƙasa na Ukraine. A general, da Ukrainian mota masana'antu na da game da 100 kamfanonin, da most of wanda su ne:

• CJSC ZAZ.
• KrASZ LLC.
• "Eurocar" CJSC.
• "Bogdan" Corporation.

Tã kayan Ukraine

Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi cigaban sub-sassa na kasar, halin da manyan yawan Enterprises, kasancewar wani "karfi" injiniya makaranta, masana'antu hadisai. Shirye saya kayayyakin kasashen waje a matsayin gabashin da kuma yammacin abokan. Nuna: excavators, Radlader, ladles, kyawon converters, kai tamping, hakowa, ta murhu, foundries, hanya inji, lif, raka'a ga nika, grading, nika, machining, hadawa da ƙasa, ores, da na dutse, da sauran ma'adinai abubuwa.

jirgin sama masana'antu

A masana'antu qunshi fiye da 60 da kungiyoyin, wanda asusu domin kwata na duk ma'aikata na kasa aikin injiniya. Dalili na biyar manyan kamfanoni. A m na jirgin sama masana'antu sa ya yiwu don daɗa ƙaran na ci gaba da kuma samar da jiragen sama, musamman:

• yankin fasinja da sufuri da jirgin sama.
• jirgin sama injuna da kuma gyara.
• avionics, mayar da hankali a kan yin amfani da tauraron dan adam da ãyõyinMu, kewayawa da lura;
• jirage masu saukar ungulu da kuma jiragen sama kananan jirgin sama, musamman unmanned.

Alamar rahama aukuwa sun hada da:

• Aircraft "AN" na daban-daban gyare-gyare.
• Production da jirgin sama injuna.
• Jirage masu saukar ungulu.

sauran masana'antu

Machine-kayan aiki da damar ci gaban da dukkan rassan aikin injiniya, samar da al'adu da fasaha. Machine-Tool Shuka (juya inji da semiautomatic inji, lu'u-lu'u-] in inji) suna located in Kharkov, Lvov, Kiev, Berdichev, Odessa, Cherkassy, Dnepropetrovsk. Tã Machine shuka aiki a Kramatorsk (atomatik line).

Kayan aiki taka muhimmiyar rawa a accelerating kimiyya da fasaha ci gaba. Manyan kamfanonin don ƙirƙirar lantarki fasaha a cikin kasar shi ne samar da jam'iyya "turu" Severodonetsk da kuma "Electronmash" a Kiev. A fadi da kewayon na lantarki da wasu na'urorin samar a Kiev, Kharkov, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, Sumy, Cherkasy, Zhytomyr, Lutsk.

Aikin gona inji aikin injiniya na Ukraine na samar da manoma da zama dole kayan aiki. A Enterprises daga wannan fannin suna located a yankunan na amfani na gama kayayyakin. Iko tractors ƙera Kharkov Hoor Shuka. Kirovograd factory "Red Star" samar da rawar soja. Gwoza ginin gidaje a Dnipropetrovsk kuma Ternopil, hada harvesters - Kherson ( "Slavutich") da kuma Alexandria ( "LAN"), Masara - a Kherson, shũka inji - a Odessa, Kiev, Berdyansk, Slavyansk. Injiniyan inji don dabbobi da forage samarwa da aka mayar da hankali a Uman, Novograd Volyn, kyau tsohon birnin, Coloma, fadar White Church.

Shipbuilding a Ukraine da aka mayar da hankali a cikin manyan tẽku (Black Sea, da Azov Sea) da kuma kogin (p. Dnipro) mashigai. Marine tasoshin gina a Nikolayev da Kherson, kogin da tẽku - a Kiev. Shipyards suna aiki a Odessa, Mariupol.

Kai kayan ƙera locomotives da kekunan shanu. Cibiyoyin ne Lugansk locomotive, Kharkov (locomotives), Dnipropetrovsk. mota gini - Stakhanov, Dnipropetrovsk, Kremenchug. Sufurin kaya reluwe tank motoci kerarre a Mariupol. Locomotive Gyara Shuka ma'aikata manyan kai birane.

Injiniyan inji a cikin yanayi na Turai hadewa

Masana sun yi hasashen yadda za a iya bytmashinostroenie Ukraine zuwa Turai hadewa. Da sanya hannu kan Association Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Ukraine da kuma kungiyar tarayyar Turai ta tanadi da simplification na kasuwanci gudana tsakanin kasashen, tun Janairu 1, 2016. Kuma tun Afrilu 2014 gabatarwar da EU unilateral cinikayya fifiko ga Ukraine ya riga ya gudummawar da karuwa a fitarwa na aikin injiniya da kayayyakin da kuma rage na korau ma'auni na waje cinikayya tare da kasashen na Turai injiniyan inji kayayyakin.

Bisa kididdigar da daga Jihar Statistics Service na Ukraine, da rabo daga inji aikin injiniya a 2014 lissafta 18.3% na fitarwa da kuma 23,8% na shigo da kayayyaki, da kuma ga watanni shida na farkon shekarar 2015, bi da bi, 11,7% da 20,8%. A 2015 da Trend na rage yawa da masana'antu. A lokaci guda, total fitarwa na aikin injiniya da kayayyakin rabo a cikin EU girma daga 30.4 (2014) zuwa 43,4% (na farko rabin 2015).

Statistics, kuma yayi

A Trend na ci gaba aikin injiniyan inji a Ukraine ya nuna cewa ba dukan masana'antu sun saba da sabon tattalin arziki. A waje kasuwanni mafi girma bukatar boilers, kayan aiki, lantarki da kayan aiki, makaman nukiliya nukiliya. Su duka rabo a cikin tsarin da masana'antu fitarwa zuwa EU ne 40%. Daga cikin manyan shigo bayyana (2014):

• Hungary (a cikin adadin $ 270,6 miliyan).
• Jamus ($ 239.8 miliyan).
• Poland ($ 207.9).
• Jamhuriyar Czech ($ 80 miliyan).

al'amurra

Ukraine, wanda injiniya ne ɓullo da isa, har yanzu a cikin bukatar high-tech kayan, kayan aiki da kuma bangaren sassa na kasashen waje samarwa. An karuwa a shigo da motoci, tractors, hada harvesters, iyali kayan, nauyi kayan aiki. The most kundin na kayayyakin shigo da daga:

• Jamus (a cikin adadin $ 577,9 miliyan).
• Poland ($ 255.1 miliyan).
• Italiya ($ 160.9 miliyan).
• Jamhuriyar Czech ($ 116.8 miliyan).
• France ($ 101.4 miliyan).

Yi ya nuna cewa sanya hannu na Association Yarjejeniyar samar da karin amfanin fiye da kasada. Kara ci gaba da dogara kan yadda sauri Engineering Ukraine zai canzawa daga topic zuwa topic hadarin damar.

kasada

A gagarumin cikas ƙara da girma da kuma inganta tsarin da juna cinikayya yawa a cikin aikin injiniya masana'antu ne samuwan fasaha shinge ga ciniki tsakanin Ukraine da kuma kasashen waje abokan. A kasada da alaka da yiwuwar m asarar mutum inji masana'antu, yafi aiki a cikin Rasha kasuwar da su fasaha dokokin. Musamman m kasance high-tech masana'antu: a jirgin sama, tsaro da tattalin arziki, Shipbuilding, nazarin sararin samaniya.

Industrial Enterprises, kayayyakin da suka fi kara da darajar, muna bukatar mu ci gaba da ikon amsa da sauri zuwa ga canje-canje a cikin external yanayi, don ƙirƙirar kayayyakin, anticipatory abokin ciniki bukatun. Wannan na iya taimakawa wajen da canji a cikin kasuwanci model, da miƙa mulki ga aiwatar model management matsalar warwarewa. Ga masu rinjaye na kamfanoni suna halin da m model cewa hadawa da babban matakai: samfurin lifecycle management, sabon samfurin ci gaba, abokin ciniki dangantaka management, tallace-tallace da kuma domin management tare da goyon bayan tafiyar matakai. A cikin wani hali, Ukraine Engineering babban canje-canje. Abin da za su zama - lokaci zai gaya.