Makaman nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke. Makaman nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke a Ukraine. Rasha nukiliya shuka

Modern mutum bukatun domin samar da makamashi suna girma tare da babban gudun. Kara da ɗaukar hoto, a biranen amfani, masana'antu da kuma sauran bukatun da tattalin arzikin kasar. Haka kuma, shi emits more kuma mafi toka daga konewa na ci da kuma man fetur da man fetur da aka inganta greenhouse sakamako. Bugu da kari, mafi kuma mafi magana a cikin 'yan shekarun nan game da commissioning lantarki motocin, wanda kuma zai taimaka wajen karuwa a wutar lantarki amfani.

Abin baƙin ciki, tsabtace muhalli hydroelectric cover irin wannan babbar bukatun ba su iya, da kuma kara karuwa a yawan thermal ikon shuke-shuke da CHP ne kawai impractical. Abin da aka yi a wannan yanayin? A zaži wasu daga wanda ba musamman: da atomic tashar lokacin da yadda ya kamata sarrafa ne daban-daban daga makamashi fitarwa na kiki-kaka.

Duk abin da ya faru a chernobye, ko da qazanta tuna da kwanan nan bad luck Japan masana kimiyya a duniya gane cewa zaman lafiya zarra - da musamman bayani na gabatowa rikicin makamashi a yau. Yadu touted madadin makamashi kafofin ba ba ko da a bisa ɗari na adadin wutar lantarki da cewa kana so duniya a kowace rana.

Bugu da ƙari, ko da fashewa a chernobye nukiliya ikon shuka bai sa muhalli, da kuma bisa ɗari na lalacewa, wanda aka yi bikin ko da wani bala'i a kan mai dandali. Lamarin da BP - bayyananne tabbatarwa.

Ka'idar aiki na nukiliya reactor

A zafi Madogararsa ne makãmashin abubuwa - TVEL. A gaskiya, wannan tube na wani zirconium gami wanda shi ne weakly fallasa degeneration ko a aiki zone rarraba kwayoyin halitta. Tu sanya uranium dioxide Allunan, ko semolina gami da uranium da kuma molybdenum. Ciki da wannan tube reactor aka tattara a cikin taron jama'a, kowanne daga abin da ya ƙunshi 18 man fetur abubuwa.

All majalisai iya zama kusan dubu biyu, kuma sũ, a sanya a cikin tashoshi a cikin graphite tari. A zafi samo asali ne aka tattara ta coolant, kuma a cikin zamani na nukiliya guda biyu dabam dabam kewaye. A karo na biyu na wanda ruwa ba ya hulɗa tare da reactor core, wanda muhimmanci ƙara da aminci daga cikin tsarin a matsayin dukan. A reactor kanta tana da shaft, da kuma na musamman kwantena na wannan zirconium gami (30 mm) graphite aka halitta kwanciya.

A dukan tsarin dogara ne a kan wani musamman m tushe na high-ƙarfi kankare, wanda aka located a karkashin tafkin. Yana da hidima ga kwantar da makaman nukiliya man fetur a taron na wani hatsari.

Ka'idar aiki ne mai sauki: makãmashin abubuwa ne mai tsanani, zafi da aka canjawa wuri zuwa gare su daga primary coolant (ruwa sodium deuterium), sa'an nan makamashi da aka canjawa wuri zuwa secondary kewaye, ciki wanda circulates karkashin gagarumin matsin lamba ruwa. Ta nan da nan ya fara tafasa da kuma tururi spins da injin turbin janareto. Bayan nan, tururi gudana a cikin condensing na'urar sake fada a cikin wani ruwa jihar, sa'an nan ya aiko sake zuwa na biyu kewaye.

Tarihi na halitta

A cikin rabi na biyu na 40-ies a cikin Tarayyar Soviet dukan iko don ƙirƙirar ayyukan da ta shafi zaman lafiya da yin amfani da makamashin nukiliya da aka yi. Famous Academician Kurchatov, magana a yau da kullum taron kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar kwaminis, sa a gaba wani tsari a kan yin amfani da makamashin nukiliya cikin ikon tsara, a cikin abin da kasar ke murmurewa daga mummunan yakin, cike take da ake bukata.

A 1950 ta fara gina wani nukiliya ikon shuka (na farko a duniya, ta hanyar), wanda aka sa shi a kauyen Obninsk a Kaluga yankin. Shekaru hudu daga baya, tashar, wadda take da damar 5 MW, da aka samu nasarar kaddamar. The musamman da suka bambanta da taron ne ma da cewa kasar ta zama kasa ta farko a duniya, wanda ya gudanar ya kamata amfani da zarra ga m dalilai.

ci gaba

Riga aiki a kan zayyana Siberian NPP aka kaddamar a shekarar 1958. A zane iya aiki ya karu kawai 20 sau, totaling 100 MW riga. Amma musamman da suka bambanta da halin da ake ciki shi ne ba da ma'ana. Lokacin da ya mika tashar, ta fitarwa ya 600 MW. Masana kimiyya da kawai kamar wata shekaru gudanar da natolko inganta aikin, kuma mafi kwanan nan wannan tasiri da jũna a yi da ba zai yiwu ba.

Duk da haka, makaman nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke a cikin sararin Union sa'an nan ba girma da muni namomin kaza. Saboda haka, bayan kamar wata shekara bayan da Siberian Beloyarsk NPP aka kaddamar. Ba da da ewa tashar da aka gina a Voronezh. A shekarar 1976 ya aka kaddamar Kursk nukiliya ikon tashar reactors wanda aka tsanani kyautata a 2004.

Kullum, nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke da aka gina a cikin wani shirya hanya dukan postwar lokaci. Kawai chernobyl masifa iya rage gudu da tsari.

Yadda suka Masarauta kasashen waje

Ya kamata ba za a zaci cewa irin wannan aukuwa ne kawai a cikin kasar. Birtaniya sun sane da yadda muhimmanci zai iya zama da makaman nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke, da kuma saboda haka aiki a wannan yanki. Saboda haka, a shekara ta 1952 da suka kaddamar da nasu aikin na zayyana da kuma gina makaman nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke. Shekaru hudu daga baya, da garin Calder Hall shi ne na farko Birtaniya atomic birni tare da kansa ikon shuka na 46 MW. A shekara ta 1955, a hukumance shiga nukiliya ikon shuka a Amurka birnin Shippingport. Iyãwarsa ya daidaita 60 MW. Tun daga nan, makaman nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke sun fara ta nasara Maris a duniya.

Barazana ga zaman lafiya zarra

A farko asar, sai murna da taming na zarra zarar ya hanya zuwa tashin hankali da tsoro. Hakika, mafi tsanani bala'i na nuclear ya zama, amma ya shuka "mayak" hatsari tare da makaman nukiliya reactors a gasar Premier League, kazalika da sauran batutuwa, da yawa daga abin da wataqila za mu taba sani ba. A sakamakon wadannan hatsarori sa mutane tunani game da kiwon da matakin na al'ada na yin amfani da atomic makamashi. Bugu da kari, mutãne sake gane cewa ba zai iya tsayayya da elemental sojojin na halitta.

Mutane da yawa manyan malaman na duniya kimiyya na dogon lokaci tattauna yadda za a yi nukiliya shuke-shuke mafi aminci. A Moscow a shekarar 1989 shi da aka tattara Duniya Majalisar, a sakamakon wanda da karshe na taron da aka yi game da bukatar halin ƙunci iko a kan makamashin nukiliya.

Yau, da duniya al'umma suna a hankali kallon yadda yarda da duk irin yarjejeniyar. Duk da haka, ba sa ido da kuma kula da ba za a iya ceto daga bala'i, ko banal wawanci. Wannan sake tabbatar da hadarin a "Fukushima-1", wanda a cikin sa daruruwan miliyoyin ton na rediyoaktif ruwa mai zuba a cikin tekun Pacific. A general, Japan, makaman nukiliya ikon shuka a cikinsa - da kawai hanyar tabbatar da giant masana'antu da kuma yawan da wutar lantarki daga makamashin nukiliya shuka yi shirin da kuma ya ba su kasala ba.

rarrabuwa

All nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke suna classified bisa ga irin makamashi samar, kazalika da model na ta reactor. Har ila yau daukan la'akari da tsaro matakin, irin shiri, kazalika da sauran muhimmanci sigogi.

Wannan yadda ake classified da irin makamashi samar:

• Makaman nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke. The kawai makamashi da cewa su generated, shi ne wutar lantarki.
• Makaman nukiliya ikon shuka. Bugu da kari su da wutar lantarki, wadannan shigarwa kuma nuna zafi, wanda ke sa su musamman da amfani ga jeri a cikin arewacin birane. Akwai amfani da makaman nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke iya cika fuska rage yankin ta dogara a kan man fetur da kayayyaki daga sauran yankuna.

The man fetur amfani da wasu halaye

Mafi na kowa ne nukiliya reactors, a cikin abin da man fetur da ake amfani da wadãtar da uranium. Coolant - haske ruwa. Wadannan sune ake kira haske ruwa reactors, kuma suka bambanta biyu iri. A farkon yanayin, da tururi, abin da hidima ga juya cikin injin turbin, aka kafa a cikin reactor core.

Domin samuwar tururi a karo na biyu idan shi hidima a matsayin wani zafi kwatami tsarin, ta hanyar abin da ruwa ba ya shiga cikin zuciyar. Af, wannan tsarin suka fara samar a farkon 50s na karshe karni, kuma shi aiki a matsayin dalilin da ci gaban da sojojin Amurka. Kusan lokaci guda a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ta ci gaba ta farko irin ta reactor, amma wani bata lokaci cibiyar sadarwa, wanda aka yi amfani a matsayin graphite sanduna.

Yana bayyana a matsayin gas-sanyaya reactor, wanda aka yi amfani da mutane da yawa Rasha nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke. Rapid hanzari tashoshin yi wannan samfurin da aka hade da cewa a matsayin byproduct reactors bayar da makamai sa plutonium. Bugu da kari, a matsayin makamashin da irin wannan iri-iri ne dace ko da talakawa halitta uranium adibas wanda a cikin kasar ne sosai high.

Wani irin reactors da suke da quite tartsatsi a cikin duniya, shi ne abin koyi na wani nauyi ruwa da na halitta uranium kamar yadda man fetur. Da farko, wadannan model aka halitta kusan dukkan kasashen da suke da damar yin amfani da makaman nukiliya reactors, amma a yau adadin su ne wani ɓangare na exploiters kadai Canada, a cikin zurfin wanda akwai m adibas na halitta uranium.

Kamar yadda ingantaccen reactors?

Da farko, talakawa karfe amfani ga yi na man fetur sanda tashoshi da ake zagawa da membranes. A lokacin da aka ba tukuna sane da zirconium gami, wanda su dace da irin dalilai da yawa mafi alhẽri. A reactor aka sanyaya da ruwa ciyar a karkashin matsin 10 atmospheres.

Saki a lokacin da tururi yana da zazzabi na 280 digiri. All tashoshi, wanda housed man fetur sanduna da aka sanya m, kamar yadda suka bukata gwada da akai-akai maye gurbinsu. Gaskiyar cewa nukiliya man fetur core kayan an hõre nakasawa da kuma lalata da sauri. A gaskiya ma, cikin tsarin abubuwa a cikin zuciyar aka tsara don shekaru 30, amma a irin haka ne unacceptable fata.

man fetur da sandunansu

A wannan yanayin, da masu bincike yanke shawarar yin amfani da wani zaɓi da daya mai gefe sanyaya tube. Wannan zane da cika fuska rage damar samun da fission kayayyakin a cikin zãfi musayar kewaye har ma a yanayin saukan lalacewar da man fetur kashi. The sosai guda nukiliya man fetur ne a uranium gami da molybdenum. Irin wannan bayani ne ya halitta a gwada m ne kuma abin dogara kayan aiki wanda zai iya aiki stably ko da a karkashin yawa high zazzabi.

nuclear

Oddly isa, amma m nuclear nukiliya ikon shuka, wanda ya zama wata alama mutum ya bala'i karni na karshe, shi ne mai gaskiya rabo daga kimiyya. A wancan lokaci, a cikin shiri da kuma zane amfani da mafi m fasaha. Ikon kadai ya kai 3.200 MW reactor. Fuel shi ma sabon: da nuclear na farko don amfani don inganta halitta uranium dioxide. Daya tonne na man fetur qunshi a total na 20 kilo uranium-235. A cikin duka, da reactor refueled ta 180 ton na uranium dioxide. Har yanzu ba su sani ba wanda kuma ya sa ya yanke shawarar gudanar da wani gwaji tashar, wanda shi ne saba wa duk tunanin aminci dokoki.

Nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke a Rasha

Idan ba wani bala'i a chernobye nukiliya ikon shuka a kasar mu (mafi m) zai har yanzu suna ci gaba da shirin na widest yiwu kuma tartsatsi yi na makamashin nukiliya tashoshin. A cikin wani hali, wannan dabarar da aka shirya a cikin Tarayyar Soviet.

Kullum, nan da nan bayan nuclear, da yawa shirye-shirye sun zama darasi phased fita, wanda nan da nan ya kai ga mafi girma farashin for yawa daga cikin "tsabta" aji zafi canja wuri ruwaye. A yankunan da yawa su aka tilasta komawa zuwa gina thermal ikon tashar, wanda (kuma) aiki ko da a wani kwana, ci gaba da ƙazantar da yanayi monstrously manyan birane.

A cikin tsakiyar 2000s, gwamnatin har yanzu gane da bukatar ci gaba da shirin nukiliya, tun ba tare da shi ne kawai zai yiwu ba don samar da yankunan da yawa na kasar mu da makamashi a bukata adadin.

Yadda yawa nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke a yau akwai a kasar mu? Kawai goma. Haka ne, shi ke nan Rasha nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke. Amma ko da wannan shi ne adadin su samar da fiye da 16% na makamashi ta cinye mu 'yan ƙasa. Capacity na duk 33 reactors, wanda aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na nukiliya ikon shuka ne daidai da 25,2 GW. Kusan 37% na da bukatun mu arewacin yankunan rufe wutar lantarki ne nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke.

Daya daga cikin shahararrun ne Leningrad nukiliya Power Plant, gina a shekarar 1973. Akwai wani mai gudana m yi na mataki na biyu, wanda zai kara da ikon fitarwa (4000 MW) a kalla sau biyu.

Ukrainian nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke

Tarayyar Soviet ta yi yawa, ciki har da ci gaban da makamashi a tarayyar jamhuriyoyin. Alal misali, Lithuania da ya samu a lokacinsa ba kawai mai kyau kayayyakin more rayuwa da kuma da yawa daga masana'antu, amma kuma da Ignalina nukiliya ikon shuka, wanda har 2005 wani real "kaza pockmarked", samar da kusan duk Baltic cheap (da!) Energy.

Amma babban kyauta ga Ukraine, wanda shi ne kawai hudu ikon shuke-shuke. Zaporizhzhya NPP a general ne mafi iko a Turai, ba kawai 6 GW da makamashi. Kullum, makaman nukiliya ikon tashar a Ukraine ba ta samu damar samar da kansu tare da wutar lantarki fiye da zai iya ba fariya a cikin wannan Lithuania.

Yanzu aiki duk guda hudu tashoshin: Zaporizhzhya, Rivne, ta Kudu-Ukrainian kuma Khmelnitsky. Sabanin ga sanannen imani, da uku block na nuclear NPP ci gaba da aiki har sai 2000, a kai a kai samar da yankin da wutar lantarki. A lokacin, 46% na Ukrainian wutar lantarki da aka samar na nukiliya tashar a Ukraine.

M siyasa burinsu na ikon a kasar ya kai ga gaskiya cewa shawarar da aka sanya don maye da man fetur da sandunansu Rasha American a 2011. A gwajin da aka a total rashin cin nasara, da kuma Ukrainian masana'antu da aka lalace kusan $ 200 miliyan.

al'amurra

Yau a duniya sake tunani daga cikin amfanin da m zarra. Dukan birnin za a iya powered by wani kananan da kuma m nukiliya ikon shuka, wanda aka jawabin da shekara game da 2 ton na man fetur. Nawa daidai wannan lokacin za su ƙona gas ko ci? Sai yiwuwa ga babbar fasahar: gargajiya siffofin makamashi ake kullum kara a price, da kuma lambar rage-rage.