Lockheed SR-71 blackbird: jirgin yi

Lockheed SR-71 - daya daga cikin shahararrun leken asiri jirage da kuma lokaci guda daya daga cikin mafi sani ba. "Blackbird" ne brainchild na mashahuri jirgin sama zanen Clarence Johnson, shugaban sashen fuskar raya (ADP) kamfanin Lockheed. Tsara a cikin marigayi '50s, "blackbird" da kuma a yau ya dubi futuristic, kuma wannan duk da cewa shi ba a halitta da taimakon high-gudun kwakwalwa, kamar yadda a kan wani al'ada zane jirgin.

zane

SR-71 blackbird gina a kan wani "tailless" tare da wani triangular biyu-keel reshe da wutsiya. The zane na gargajiya - da stringers, Frames kuma jaddada fata. Hankali "lashe" siffofin ne ba kawai aerodynamics. "Stealth jirgin sama", halitta da Stealth fasahar da aka dauke su da sabuwar dabara na karshe shekaru goma, amma fasahar ne sun fi mayar "blackbird" aiwatuwa a cikin zane. Taso contours da santsi ma'abota saman yi jirgin sama kasa kama hankali ga radar.

Dabarun supersonic leken asiri yana da kusan babu lebur saman. Togiya - fairly manyan keels, amma suna tilted ciki, wanda rage su tasiri masha'a yankin. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a cikin tsarin da gaban da kuma trailing baki amfani rediyo-mamaye kayan a cikin nau'i na triangular abun da ake sakawa salula roba constructions. Wannan nau'i na abun da ake sakawa igiyoyin rediyo nuna a cikin alwatika don kammala attenuation. A saman aiki radios karkatar da nuna alama daga cikin jirgin sama, ƙwanƙwasawa rude radar aiki tsaron gida.

Tsawo jirgin a supersonic gudu, da jirgin sama ne hõre nauyi da kuma tsawo dumama. Saboda haka, yi "blackbird" kusan 93% kunshi "Beta-B 120 'zafi-resistant da kuma high-ƙarfi titanium gami.

fuselage

Ganin cewa gudun reshe fata bangarori santsi warp kuma ƙara da dumama, wadannan abubuwa suna sanya corrugated. Tsaye GROOVES ba kawai aiki a matsayin baiwa, hakarkarinsa, amma kuma kara zafi masha'a yankin, kusan ba tare da kara ja.

Mutane da yawa zamani American jirage da nodules a kan tushen da reshe, amma "blackbird" suka zauna dukan tsawon na fuselage, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa ta sashe na zagaye jũya a cikin kusan lu'u-lu'u-dimbin yawa. Wadannan nodules suna wasa a dual rawar: don ƙirƙirar wani sosai manyan daga, wanda rage da rabin da lankwasawa lokacin a kan dogon fuselage, da kuma bauta ga saukar da man fetur da kuma kayan aiki. Bugu da kari, sun yi aiki a kan aerodynamics, Munã rage ja.

The ƙungiya located in spaced "a jummai" tare da mutum bukkokin, bude mayar da hasken wuta. Glazing cabs model Lockheed SR-71 da aka yi na musamman gilashi, m gagarar ultraviolet radiation a high tsawo. Bukkokin ne-kwandishan, da ƙungiya tashi a matsa lamba kwat da wando.

reshe

Reshe yana da wani karkatarwa da waje Consoles, rage lankwasawa da kuma dõmin karkatarwa lokacin a kan shi. A kawar da samfurin a cikin iska rami ya nuna cewa da bukatar bude yatsun ko slats ba - babban reshe a kan saukowa halitta mai iko iska matashi, samar da wani sosai m saukowa, kusan ba tare da shiga tsakani na matukin jirgi. Yadu spaced nacelle hankali smoothed kuma da a kan waje a jamsin tare da manyan baki daga cikin reshe appreciable sagging.

wutsiya

Tsaye wutsiya sanya tselnopovorotnym. Wadannan keels 2.5 sau mafi tasiri fiye da na al'ada iko saman da bukatar karami deflection malã'iku, wanda rage juriya. Matsakaicin deflection fins "blackbird" kwana a gudu zuwa Mach 0.5 ne 20 °, a wata mafi girma gudun aka atomatik rage zuwa 10 °. Keely karkata a cikin gida da 15 °, wanda yana da kyau sakamako a kan zaman lafiya da kuma controllability. Alal misali, SR-71 supersonic jirgin sama ne ba tsoro na crosswinds up to 18 m / s. A trailing gefen reshe ne gaba ɗaya shagaltar da ta hada ailerons da lif.

Motors

"Blackbird" yana da iko sosai biyu engine irin TRD Pratt & Whitney JT11D-20B (wani nadi - J58) dirka 144,56 kN. A cikinsu asirin babbar kewayon "blackbird": 3 a gudun Mach Motors kunna da gaske a co-halin yanzu: 58% na karfin juyi ya ba da wani iska ci, 25% - da kuma bututun ƙarfe ne kawai 17% - ainihin engine. Air inlets na jirgin sama "black tsuntsu" da aka tsara don haka kamar yadda ya samar da wani gagarumin bangare na jimlar dirka. A Cones an sanya daidaitacce rike da tura kalaman a cikin iska ci.

Gina engine J58, kwararru daga Pratt & Whitney ci karo da munanan matsaloli: iska mashiga zazzabi kai 380 ° C, a cikin man fetur injector - 160 ° C, a cikin afterburner - 280 ° C, da kuma engine man - 485 ° C. Saboda haka J58 yi, kuma titanium, sun samu aikace-aikace musamman nickel superalloys Hastelloy-X, da kuma Rene-41. Saboda wannan thermal danniya gwamnatin injuna kowane 200 hours of aiki sun cikakken disassembly da dubawa.

shasi

Shasi "blackbird" tricycle tare da hanci dabaran. Hanci da goyon baya tare da biyu ƙafafun retracted gaba, babban - zuwa cibiyar. Shasi tsabtace nan da nan bayan da barin ƙasa, tun Lockheed SR-71 da sauri accelerates zuwa iyakar halatta jirgin gudun da saukowa kaya (555 km / h). Key goyon bayan da uku ƙafafun a kan wannan aksali don rage matsa lamba a ƙasa, kuma a lokaci guda ajiye ciki juz'i na fuselage.

Tayoyin ba sanya na roba, da kuma na musamman zafi-resistant abu, kuma domin ya kula da akai matsa lamba a duk jirgin halaye, kuma ba su cika da iska don kauce wa hadawan abu da iskar shaka da kuma nitrogen. Bã su da wani m natsuwa, kuma an rufe shi da azurfa Paint su rage zafin rana. Wells shasi kewaye da man fetur tankuna - man fetur ayyukan matsayin coolant.

braking tsarin

Bincike jirgin sama da aka bayar tare da guda braking laima diamita na 12 m, kerarre ta yin amfani da abun yanka nan da nan bayan touchdown gudu a 280-330 km / h. A laima da aka sanya na musamman zafi-resistant abu da kuma raga sanya ba za a yage gudu kai. Yana peeled kashe yayin da rage jirgin sama gudu zuwa 110 km / h to ba rikita batun a cikin tether keels.

kayan aiki

Amurka Air Force yana amfani da mafi m da kuma tsarin telemetry iko. "Blackbird" takwas-tashar tsarin da aka bayar tare da wani tsirar (STCs), compensating "ginannen" rashin zaman lafiya a jirgin sama (wanda ake sa da m dumama a cruising jirgin). A tsarin aiki a kan dukkan uku da gatura da uku sau to kwafi.

A gudun Mach 3, kuma har ma ƙwazo mataki rudders iya haifar da wani na ba zato canji na jirgin sama ta matsayi a sarari, wanda zai iya kai wa ga ta hallaka. A daya hannun, a kan tudu, a kan wanda wani SR-71 blackbird, da iska yawa ne kasa da 2% na yawa a teku matakin, bukata mai girma rada deflection.

SPU da aka kafa ta Honeywell, kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi m, a dukan jirgin sama: MTBF ta game da 130 000 hours. Idan tsarin ne har yanzu karya, da wuya don sarrafa jirgin sama a cruising, amma zai yiwu.

Honeywell kamfanin ya kuma ci gaba a kwamfuta for sarrafa jirgin data, kunna wani gyara ga murdiya tasowa a jirgin a supersonic gudu. Saboda karfi korau matsa lamba iska a high tsawo al'ada na'urorin tare da shigar da daga HDPE shambura sun unreliable. A daidai tamanin da a tsaye gudun, tsawo da kuma gudun Mach yawan da za a nuna daga kwamfuta zuwa uku dijital nuni a cikin kokfit.

man fetur tsarin

A karfi da kuma dogon dumama jirgin Lockheed SR-71 a cruising jirgin bukata da cin gaban sabuwar lubricants, sealants, slurries, rufi kayan da kamar. D. haka, da man fetur a yi amfani da "blackbird" alama JP-7, yana da irin wannan high zazzabi fashewa da cewa ya kafa wuta to ya na musamman da reagent - triethylborane (TEB). Saboda wannan aka yi amfani da matsayin coolant don sanyaya da ƙungiya gida da kuma mafi mahimmanci ga zafi fiye da kima na nodes, musamman shasi. Amma kamar yadda da man fetur samar fara m dumama da fuselage, haddasa nakasawa da ta sag.

A wani musamman tank a cikin jirgin akwai wani stock na triethylborane don fara da engine a cikin iska da kuma kunna afterburner. Dabarun m bayar shida man fetur tankuna dake dauke da 46.000 lita na man fetur. Tankuna na game manya da ƙananan ganuwar plating siffofin, kuma anta to fadada da kuma ƙanƙancewa na tsanaki airframe a lokacin dumama da kuma sanyaya, suka crack. Bayan kowane 200 hours of jirgin sun aka hatimce amma har yanzu suna gudãna bins kuma karkashin-tsaye a kan jirgin sama parking tara dukan man fetur waha. Tun JP-7, a ba maras tabbas man fetur, ma babu wuta Hazard, amma a cruising jirgin tank bango ne mai tsanani ga 280 ° C, sabõda haka, ko da man fetur JP-7 daga high flashpoint iya ba wani fashewa. Saboda haka, a cikin jirgin tankuna cika da nitrogen.

fasaha halaye

Model SR-71 yana da wadannan bayani dalla-dalla:

• Tsawon - 32.7 m.
• Wingspan: 16.9 m.
• Height - 5.6 m.
• Take-kashe nauyi - har zuwa 78 ton.
• Flight kewayon - 4800-5200 km.
• Iyakar gudun - 2125 km / h a tsawon 9000 m da kuma 3220 km / h a tsawon 24,000 mita.

makamai

Na uku zabin, "blackbird" da aka soma kawai supersonic jet interceptor YF-12A. Yana kunshi hudu da makamai masu linzami "iska-to-air» Hughes Gar-9 (AIM-47A) Super-Falcon, jawo a wata manufa ta amfani da wani radar AN / ASG-18A. Bincike embodiments makamai da ko da yake sun bada haske a kan shigarwa zaɓi don SR-71 da yarwa ganga nukiliya ragargaza, a cikin irin m Convair B-58 Hustlen.

elusive

Da jiragen sama soja jirgin sama taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin zamani yaƙi dabarun. Duk da ban sha'awa kungiyar tracking da tauraron dan adam na manyan ikokin, jirgin sama ne har yanzu muhimmanci a lokacin bincike manufa. Zai yiwu shi ne mafi almara blackbird bincike jirgin sama.

Da ciwon duk "zafi spots" na duniya, SR-71 ya taba aka rurrushe. A shekarar 1972 ya yi nuni da kalmomi na tsohon Air Force saja wanda ya yi aiki a cikin National Security Agency a cikin Ramparts soja jarida: "Harba saukar da SR-71 shi ne ba zai yiwu." Saje kawo sunayensu yanayin inda kasar Sin da aka ƙoƙarin yi, amma interceptor matukan jirgin, "MiG-21" baiyyana iya kawai mamaki inda laifin ya evaporated. A cewar shi, "blackbird" kuma ya tashi a kan Soviet ƙasa, da kuma NSA sauraron tashar, a kan iyakokin da Tarayyar Soviet rubuce da dauki na Soviet iska tsaro. Bugu da ƙari kuma, tsohon saja ce cewa Amurka lantarki-m dabara a yarda musu su bi jirgin na kusan duk Soviet soja jirgin sama, kuma ko da sanin wanda a halin yanzu piloted da wani musamman na'ura. Kuma a cikin wannan babban abin yabo "Saba'in-farko."

Fiye da 70 American jirage tashi a kan Korea ta Arewa, China, Cuba, a kan iyakokin da Tarayyar Soviet. A wannan yanayin, akwai tarurruka da sauri a lokacin da Soviet interceptor - MiG-25P, kuma suka zo ga ƙarshe, bisa ga Amirkawa, ba su a cikin ni'imar da karshen. Shi ne ma a samu nasara don samun elusive "bako" a lokacin da latest anti-aircraft makamai masu linzami.

Lockheed A-12

Sunan "blackbird" sau da yawa hade da dabarun Scout SR-71. Duk da haka, bayan wannan sunan ne biyu da sauran kasa sanannun mota: A-12 da kuma YF-12A.

Labarin da wadannan zane-zane da quite m. An sani cewa Amurka iska karfi jirage da hujjõji rarrabuwa. Raguwa YF nufi wani jirgin saman soja aji, a gaskiya, YF-12A an gwaji jirgin saman soja. Letter A (hari) kasafin storming, amma A-12 shi ne a fili ba kama da harin. Wannan ne yake aikata to dame Soviet m bayan da grand duniya abin kunya harbe saukar a kan Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), a Amurka leken asiri jirgin sama. Sa'an nan shugaba Eisenhower yi wa'adi Khrushchev ba don amfani da bincike jirgin sama a sama a kan Tarayyar Soviet, amma Lockheed aikin kawai, an mayar da hankali a kan wadannan ayyukan. Bisa ga ƙa'ida, an dauke shi a "} ungiyoyin", kamar yadda CIA mallakar - ba soja kungiyar.

By Janairu 1962, da samfur na A-12 da aka shirya don gwaji. Bayan na farko jirgin ya juya daga cewa mai yawa lahani a cikin tsarin. Musamman plagued powerplant bukatar dogon da laborious tsaftacewa inlets. Duk da wannan, da A-12 da aka kaddamar a cikin jerin - CIA da matsananciyar bukata high-gudun bincike don maye gurbin m U-2. 14 samfurori da aka samar.

zane Features

Lockheed A-12 Shi ya kasance da gaske gwaji - shi yana da yawa flaws cewa za a iya shafe ta ne kawai Zartarwa zane. Zai yiwu sarki daga cikinsu - wata babbar nauyi a kan matukin jirgin, wanda, a Bugu da kari ga aiki jirgin, wanda a kanta aka ba aiki mai sauki, da ya jimre da matsalolin da yawa razvedapparaturoy.

External alamun A-12 da aka karfi da nuna hanci da mike gefuna gaba, na daga cikin fuselage sags da kuma kawo karshen short na karshen. Babban bambancin daga m gyare-gyare na "blackbird" shi ne cewa wata guda. Domin Matuka jirgin ya razvedoborudovaniya daki (a da ake kira Q-daki), bincike kayan aiki housed a cikin Fade da fuselage. Tare da rare ware, da A-12 zauna kusan gaba ɗaya unpainted - black kasance kamar da baka da Matuka jirgin, da reshe manyan baki da mazugi na iska intakes.

YF-12A interceptor

Ya ke yakar wani offshoot na "blackbird" iyali. Babban bambance-bambance daga cikin ɗan leƙen asiri jirage:

• A cikin YF-12A aka saka wuta iko radar model Hughes AN / ASG-18A tare da conjugate search IR tsarin da tracking na hari.
• Makamai - hudu da makamai masu linzami AIM-47A (Gar-9) Super-Falcon "iska-to-air."
• Domin Matuka jirgin maimakon Q-daki, a karo na biyu turke, inda sadarwarka da aka sanya makamai.

A shekarar 1964, da zanen Klerens Dzhonson Kolliera bayar da "for fice nasarori a Amurka aeronautics". A gabatar da Lockheed YF-12A jirgin sama da aka wakilta, fentin baki. Saboda haka, watakila, da kuma shi ya tafi su na yau da kullum sunan - "Black Bird".

Karshen wani zamanin

By farkon eighties inji Resource shi ya riga a kan Wane, da kuma ajiye su, a tashi yanayin ya zama sosai matsala. Musamman wuya matsayi da injuna: TRD J-58 da aka janye daga kasuwa a cikin marigayi sittin, kuma ko da yake kowane 200 hours na aikin injuna ne cikakken disassembly kuma dubawa, kuma bayan kowane 600 sa'o'i - overhaul, da sauƙi, suka sa fita. Kayayyakin gyara don samun shi ya fi da wuya.

A cikin bazara na shekarar 1988, Amurka Air Force Ministan Edvard Oldridzh ruwaito cewa kudin na rike da jiragen ruwa SR-71 shi ne daidaita da kudi domin gyaran da fikafikai biyu na faɗa jirgin sama. By lokacin da yawan motoci a yi amfani da rage by rabi - daga 12 zuwa 6. A shekarar 1989, an yanke shawarar cire bincike jirgin sama SR-71 da makamai. 1990 A cikin bazara, da "saba'in da farko" ya sauke. Uku motoci Flight Test Center, NASA Dryden aka kira a matsayin tashi dakunan gwaje-gwaje don nazarin supersonic jirgin. Na sauran akalla shida bangarorin conserved kuma iya rubuce, idan ya cancanta, a kawo a cikin tashi yanayin.