Radar "Don-2N": dabara da kuma fasaha halaye

A arewa maso yammacin Moscow yankin, 'yan dozin kilomita daga birnin, shi ne wani sabon abu abu - multifunction radar "Don-2N". A siffar ne a truncated dala tare da kusurwoyi huɗu. Da nisa daga tushe na tsarin ne 130, da kuma tsawo - 35 mita. The abu da nufin iko da sarari a kan Rasha Federation da kuma kasashe makwabta. Ya kuma yi aikin aiki na ganowa da kuma lalata ballistic makamai masu linzami. Yau mun dauki kusa look at cikin halaye da kuma damar da radar "Don-2N".

summary

Kamar yadda ka sani, da tashar yana da kusurwoyi huɗu. A kowane daga cikinsu za ka iya ganin hankula zagaye da square bar ta da ilmi mutane iya tsammani game da yi kayayyaki. Ga kowane daga cikin hudu bangarori na wani madauwari siffar shirya aiki phased tsararru antennas ciwon diamita na 18 mita. Domin square bangarori ne eriya iko interceptor makamai masu linzami. Su ma wakiltar wani square wanda gefe ne kamar mita 10.

A gaskiya, wannan radar (RLS) ne a tsakiyar mahada makami mai linzami tsaron gida (BMD) na Moscow. Yana iya ba kawai gane yiwuwar m abubuwa a wata tsawo na har zuwa arba'in kilomita dubu, amma kuma a samar da shugabanci a kan wadannan makamai masu linzami. Saboda gaskiya cewa radar sanye take da kawai hudu iri-iri, shi ba ka damar rufe duk kewaye yankin da kuma samun mafi m bayanai a kan gano hari.

A cikin duniya babu analogues "Don-2N" RLS. Ina tashar? Wannan tambaya, wadda shi ne na amfani ga mutane da yawa. ABM cibiyar na Rasha babban birnin kasar da aka located in Sofrino kauye, Pushkin gundumar. A samfur radar da aka gina a Kazakhstan, a Sary-Shagan. A cikin codification na NATO tashar aka mai suna doki Kafa.

Fara na aikin

A shekarar 1963, birnin Moscow Radio Engineering Institute (RTI) a Academy of Sciences na Tarayyar Soviet da aka bai da aiki don ƙirƙirar radar manufa ganewa domin nan gaba makami mai linzami tsaron aikin. Haka abin ya fara da labarin da "Don-2N" RLS. Da farko an zaci cewa nan gaba tashar za ta yi aiki a cikin decimeter kewayo. Duk da haka, jim kadan bayan kaddamar da aikin zanen kaya sun gane cewa da halaye na da irin wannan tsarin zai zama ma zaran. Station aiki a cikin UHF fuska ba zai iya samar da sosai m ganewa na hari. A cikin daji da shi zai iya kai wa ga m sakamakon.

Tuni a farkon shekarar 1964 Radio Engineering Cibiyar fara tasowa santimita Consoles. Yana da aka shirya cewa wannan kayan aiki zai ba da damar da tashar don samun sabon, cikakken m yi, kazalika da samar da wani m da kuma gwada da sauki aiki. A prefix kamata aiki a matsayin wani bangare na tsarin tsara tare da latest aukuwa da fasahar. Amma wannan lokaci da designers yanke shawara dauke banza.

Yana da ya wajaba don ƙirƙirar sabon gaba daya radar, wanda zai ba kawai rufe da bukatun waɗannan kwanaki, amma har muhimmanci wuce na zamaninsa. A wannan batun, kafin karshen shekarar 1965, ma'aikatan tsunduma a cikin ci gaban RTI kawai biyar daban-daban fuskar radar. Amma wannan lokaci, duk da dukan} o} arin na injiniyoyi, da aikin da ba a amince, saboda shi ba ya bayar da kusan m mafita.

All biyar zabin samarwa da wasu flaws kuma ba da shawarar ci gaba da bunkasa. Ta hanyar bincike da aikin yi da kuma sa a gaba fasaha mafita, akwai wani embodiment mai alamar radar. Wani lokaci daga baya da shi ya zama tushen ga radar "Don-2N".

sabon Solutions

A farkon shekarar 1966, RTI injiniyoyi ya fara aiki a kan wani aikin da ake kira "Don". A cikin tsarin na da tsare-tsaren da za a gina wata biyu daga radars aiki a cikin daban-daban makada. UHF tsarin shirya da za a bayar a cikin nau'i na biyu zabin: ƙasa-tushen da kuma jirgin. Wannan zai ba kawai tsayar da m sarari daga karkararta, amma kuma wajen saka idanu da positional yankunan da makiya da makamai masu linzami da taimako, daga jirgi da suke a ƙasar da kuma sanye take da radar.

Santimita radar zaci tsit ƙasa kawai embodiment. A kewayon da ayyuka fãce gane maƙiyi makamai masu linzami da kuma hada su sakonnin makami mai linzami shiriya. A farko versions na aikin kamata santimita tashar za waƙa da kansu 90 digiri m. Saboda haka, don tabbatar da dukan-zagaye view, ya wajaba a gina hudu irin tashoshin.

A lokacin ƙarshe na farko version of daftarin santimita tashar aiki a kan UHF tsarin da aka tsaya domin shi ne ba ya cancanta. Injiniyoyi sun iya hada a daya manyan sikelin-kasa tashar duk dole yanke shawara da kuma tabbatar da cewa dukan bukatun. Tun da 1968, da injiniyoyi ci gaba da kayan aiki, aiki na musamman a cikin santimita kewayo. Domin da wuri gargadi na makami mai linzami hari tashoshin zaba mita tãguwar ruwa.

na farko zane

A shekarar 1969 RTI samu da aiki wajen samar da wani na farko zane na tashar "Don H". Ya zama dole mu gama duk da nasarorin samu daga gwaninta a cikin past radar shirye-shirye. A wannan yanayin, abokin ciniki, ta hanyar ma'aikatar tsaro na Tarayyar Soviet sa a gaba mai yawa aikin da bukatun RTI. Matsalar shi ne cewa a kayyade a cikin aiki halaye na tsawo da kuma nesa daga cikin jirgin sa ido hari sun ma babban ga lantarki na lokaci. A cikin marigayi seventies na karshe karni, ko da mafi m kayan aiki ba zai iya raba tare da ainihin zuwa waƙa kuma bi ballistic hari located a nesa na fiye da dubu biyu kilomita.

Don cim ma wannan shi ya wajaba a gudanar da wani yawan asali bincike, sa'an nan gwada. Sa'an nan kuma akwai wani tsari don yin makami mai linzami tsaron tsarin sauki, rarraba shi a cikin biyu-bene, kowanne daga abin da zai sami kansa irin makamai masu linzami. A wannan yanayin, da gina wani radar shiriya tsarin domin iri biyu da makamai masu linzami sun cikakken yarda da kuma tattalin arziki mai yiwuwa. Don sanin karshe siffar da layout na gaba radar designers dauki wasu lokaci. Kawai cikakken ganin na da aikin da aka kaddamar a tsakiyar shekara ta 1972.

Don radar hadu duk ake bukata bayani dalla-dalla, shi miƙa wa ba da wani sabon ƙarni na sarrafa kwamfuta tsarin, wanda ci gaban fara lokaci guda tare da cikakken zane na tsarin, "Don H". Jimawa multifunction radar Omnidirection santimita kewayon tsiwirwirinsu babbar adadin bugun jini da cewa sun tsira a wannan rana. A musamman, mambobin RTI karshe ya yanke shawarar a kan gini tsarin: truncated hudu-gefe dala tare da phased tsararru antennas a kan kowane daga cikin fuskokin da mutum antennas da square siffar don sarrafa antimissiles. Godiya zuwa ga daidai lissafi na wuri na antennas an bayar da cikakken bayyani daga cikin manya yammancin duniya. A filin na view na rediyo za a iya iyakance har da yaduwa halaye na radar siginar da ƙasa.

sabawa

Ba da da ewa aikin da aka kammala kuma samu wasu sabawa. A sababbin abubuwa da aka yafi alaka kayan aiki, tafiyar matakai da sakonni. Musamman ta yi aiki a cikin "Don H" da aka tsara da kuma ɓullo da wani supercomputer kira "Elbrus-2". Ko ba gaskiya cewa tashar kwamfuta tsarin Fitted tare da mafi m a lokacin lantarki kayan aiki daukan kadan fiye da dubu kabad. Don wannan adadin kayan aiki da za a iya cikakken sanyaya, da injiniyoyi sun bayar da wani musamman tsarin kunshi zafi exchangers da ruwa bututu. Total slowness na bututu da aka dama da ɗari kilomita. Don duk sassa na radar kayan aiki na da alaka da juna, shi ya ɗauki game da ashirin kilomita dubu na igiyoyi.

yi

By 1978, da aikin, wanda a wancan lokacin shi ne sunan da updated "Don-2N", da aka shirya don mataki yi na tashar. Kusan lokaci guda a irin wannan hadadden aka gina a cikin Kazakh Sara-Shagan. Daga waje Moscow, ya kasance daban-daban girma, kayan aiki da kuma, kamar yadda wani sakamako, ayyuka.

A yi na gargadin radar "Don-2N" jan a ga kamar shekaru goma. A wannan lokaci da magina aka shigar fiye da dubu 30 da ton daga karfe Tsarin, flooded fiye da dubu 50 da ton na kankare da sharewa hugest yawan bututu, igiyoyi da sauran abubuwa. Shigarwa na kayan lantarki fara a 1980 da kuma tsawon shekaru bakwai.

amfani

A kwata na karni bayan da farkon ci gaban radar "Don-2N" da aka kaddamar. A shekarar 1989, ta fara saka idanu sarari abubuwa. Kamar yadda na aikin data, da tsawo daga manufa ganewa radar kusa Moscow har zuwa arba'in kilomita dubu. A ganewa kewayon shugaban intercontinental makami mai linzami ne 3700 kilomita. Station riwayar al'amuranda pulsed ikon sigina na har zuwa 250 MW. Phased tsararru antennas tare da sarrafa kwamfuta tsarin kayyade kusurwa tsarawa da manufa up to 25 seconds na baka. Kayyade kewayon kuskure ne kasa da mita 10. A cewar daban-daban rahotanni, radar "Don-2N" a Moscow ne m zuwa bi wani mutum ɗari abubuwa lokaci guda kuma ya shiryar da su ga 'yan dozin makamai masu linzami. A tsarin da daya motsa sadarwarka tashoshin hada game da mutum ɗari da masana.

A mahakar tashar shigar da makami mai linzami samfurin 53 T6. Ikon nukiliya warhead ne 10 kilotons. A tsawon wannan makami mai linzami ne 12 kg, da kuma nauyi - 10 ton. Range rauni (bisa ga daban-daban kafofin) ne daga 50 zuwa 100 kilomita, da tsawo daga cikin raunuka - 45 kilomita. makami mai linzami gudu ne 5.5 km / s, a fili, don haka shi ne ake kira da West "Gesell".

Hadin gwiwa tare da Amurka

A farko, mafi daidai har 1992, kasancewar kuma halaye na shuka ba musamman bayyana. Amma a wannan shekara da Tarayyar Soviet ta amince da Amurka kan hadin gwiwa a fannin bincike da kuma ganewa damar tracking abubuwa orbiting da Duniya. A shirin da aka mai suna Orbital tarkace radar k duniyoyin (ODERACS), wanda fassara a matsayin "Orbital bukukuwa domin k na radar tsarin cewa waƙa sarari takarce."

A farko gwaji ne domin zuwa hunturu na shekarar 1992, amma saboda fasaha matsaloli, shi ya kasance ba ya faru. Kawai bayan shekaru biyu, a binciken da aka gudanar. A lokacin gwaji, da ake kira ODERACS-1R Amurka sarari jigila Discovery ya jefa a cikin wani fili daga shida da bukukuwa na karfe. Biyu daga gare su, da wata diamita na 5 cm, biyu - 10 cm, da kuma biyu mafi - 15 cm. Domin watanni da dama, suka orbiting da Duniya. Duk da yayin da ake kallo da radar "Don-2N" da kuma Amurka radars. A cikin binciken, duniyoyin da diameters na 10 da kuma 15 santimita aka lura biyu American da Rasha issledovateyami. Amma da bukukuwa tare da diamita na biyar santimita gano kawai Rasha radar.

A lokacin na gaba ODERACS-2 binciken da aka jefa cikin sarari 3 na ball 3 da dipole reflector. Bisa ga sakamakon gwajin, da Rasha, radar sake nuna ya fi kyau gefe. Its radar samu da karami hari a nesa na biyu kilomita dubu.

tashar Features

Sananne siffofin radar "Don-2N" (Sofrino) su ne:

1. Versatility. Yana bayar da kusa da na nesa don sakonnin ballistic hari, su goyon baya, kazalika da rikidadde bayanai musayar.
2. A babban mataki na amo rigakafi. Bisa kan kunkuntar radiation juna antennas, a high mita selectivity, mai fadi mita iyaka, atomatik compensators gaban tsangwama, da yin amfani da musamman probing siginar da kuma yiwuwar su bambanta ji na ƙwarai daga directional siginar zuwa tsangwama kafofin.
3. Adapting canza dabara halin da ake ciki. An samu ta hanyar da ikon canja halaye, rates da iyakoki da sabis dalilai abubuwa.
4. High daidaituwa ji manufa hanya, raba ji manufa kula da biyar tashoshi.
5. A ikon gane da waƙa da hanzari motsi hari da unobtrusive.
6. A babban matakin bayanai da sakonni.
7. A ire-zane.
8. A babban mataki na aiki da kai.

Hadari sashi na radar "Don-2N"

Lokacin da radar yana aiki, zauna kusa da shi da aka haramta. Lalacewar kiwon lafiya daga radar "Don-2N" da ake dangantawa da karfi radiation. Da yake jawabi a yau da kullum da harshen, "Don-2N" za a iya kwatanta ta da wata babbar obin na lantarki. Sai dai cewa da zafi ba a ciki, kuma akwai, inda emitter da dama - a waje. A daidai wannan lokaci shi ne daidai wani hadari a ciki. Ga waɗanda suka saboda wasu dalilai juya ta zama a waje, musamman m kada gina.

Minti goma kafin siginar da aka bai wa tashar, wanda ya shaida da cewa ma'aikata bukatar barin kewaye yankin. Sanitary kariya zone domin radar "Don-2N" ne daya kilometer. Duk da haka, da ƙauyuka, a wata nisa daga tashar ba. Yana sanye take da wani musamman karkashin kasa da rami, inda za ka iya barin aiki tashar, ba tare da barin cikin hatsari zone.

m

Ainihin adadin bayanai game da damar da fasali na sabis tashar "Don-2N" da ya rage tallace. Saboda haka, bayani game da hadaddun, kamar yadda mai mulkin, ne wanda bai isa kuma fragmentary. Duk da haka, ko da a kan tushen da samuwa bayanai za a iya koya. Yiwuwar tracking daruruwan hari a lokaci guda ya nuna radar ta ikon gano wata iyaka nukiliya yajin a kan kare yankin.

Samun manufa, da tashar da kanta zai iya kawo a kan su roka. A cewar daban-daban data, da yawan dabam daga 25 zuwa 30. Saboda haka, in babu isasshen yawa na makamai masu linzami a halin yanzu m m RLS iya ba za a yi amfani da cikakken. Amma wannan shi ne kawai wani zato, dangane da samuwa data. A daidai bayanai a kan Moscow da makami mai linzami tsaron gida ya kasance, ya zauna, tallace.