Aircraft m "Midway": babban halaye, makamai. Amurka dako

Aircraft dako - da majestic jirãge cewa wakilci soja ikon jihar. Midway - da jirgin sama m, wanda ya a cikin sahu na soja da kuma Amurka Navy for 47 shekaru. The jirgin bauta flawlessly da kuma America halarci Vietnam rikici. A shekarar 1992, ya bar Amurka Navy m jiragen ruwa, da kuma aka tuba zuwa gidan kayan gargajiya jirgin a cikin shekaru biyar. A yau muna da wani kusa look at wannan gagarumin jirgin, da tarihi, na'urar, makamai da kuma wasu masu ban sha'awa facts.

Tarihi na halitta

A kan gina wani sabon aji na jiragen ruwa na Amurka Navy m rundunar nuna a karshen 1941, bayan da Japan hari a kan Pearl Harbor. Domin wani lokaci, gwamnatin {asar Amirka da kuma jiragen ruwa management ba su kai ijma'i a kan wani sabon nau'in jirgin ruwa. Franklin Roosevelt da Admiral Ernest King yi imani da cewa da bukatar gina kananan jirgin sama dako. A halin yanzu, Admiral Chester Nimitz nace a kan yi da jirgin sama dako tare da kawar da na akalla 45 000 ton. Qarshe, Nimitz ya iya shawo kan management, kuma a watan Disamba 1942, Roosevelt amince da wani shiri don gina biyu jirgin sama dako tare da korar kawai a kan 40 000 ton.

A watan Oktoba 1943, a cikin kusanci da Virginia da aka aza jirgin sama m CV-41. Its yi dade watanni 17. A watan Maris shekarar 1945, muhimmin kaddamar da sabon jirgin sama m, ciyar da fatan ga Amurka Sojan Ruwa jiragen ruwa.

magabata

Kafin akwai wani jirgin sama m "Midway", mafi yawa kuma iko American jirgin sama dako sun aji "Essex" jiragen ruwa. "Midway" samu daga gare su, wasu daga cikin siffofin: ajiyar makirci, kazalika da layout jirgin lif da kuma "tsibiran". Game da waje bambance-bambance, mafi muhimmanci daga cikinsu suka zama wata babbar bututun hayaki da kuma sabon, wanda ya ba da "babban yan'uwa".

zane

A farko da almara na nauyi jirgin sama m, wanda aka sau daya kamata ya maye gurbin na "Essex", da aka ci gaba a cikin 1940 ta. A ci gaba da yake a cike lilo, duk da cewa har 1942 da al'amurra na gina wata katuwar jirgin kasance wajen m. A ci gaba da wannan aikin da aka karfi da ya rinjayi abubuwan da suka faru na yakin duniya na II. A karfi shawara a cikin ni'imar da kara ajiyar jirgin ya da mutuwa jirgin "muhibbar" da kuma yakin Midway (Saboda haka sunan da m).

Tun da ikon wani sabon jirgin da yawa m magabata, ta fito da wani musamman rarrabuwa game da shi. Aircraft m sanya aji CV-B, wanda dade har 1952, ya ba tukuna bayyana more zamani jirgin sama dako Amurka, wanda ya kai ga bukatar sabuwar rarrabuwa.

yi

Gina wani jirgin sama m "Midway", wanda girma ne fiye da m, a wancan zamani, ba da sauki ko da na raya al'umma kamar Amirka. An mafi kyau dace domin gina bushe docks, wanda ya sa'an nan sosai kadan. Amma sa'a, a lokacin da sanya hannu kan zane ga aikin da nauyi jirgin sama m to bari gabatarwa, wanda bai kai sanya gina battleships "Montana."

Aircraft m tare da index CVB-41 da aka samu izini a manyan Shipbuilding kamfanin Newport News Shipbuilding. Ba zato ba tsammani, da sunan "Midway," da jirgin da aka bai kawai a cikin kaka na shekarar 1944. Tare da shi su ne aji na wannan sunan biyu mafi tasoshin, "Franklin D. Roosevelt" jirgin sama m "Koral Si". A gwarzo na mu hira da aka shirya a 23 watanni bayan da alamar shafi. Aircraft m "Midway", da tsawon wanda yake shi ne kamar yadda 295 mita, ya zama wani American nasara. A wannan lokacin an dauke shi ba kawai ya fi iko fama naúrar, a shirye su yi aiki a wani yanayi, da kuma a gaskiya aikin art. Yana da lokaci su koyi, don haka da cewa jirgin sama m "Midway" ya sanã'anta sosai girmamawa.

kariya

Reservation m hada da makamai bel da uku sulke cikas. Bugu da ƙari kuma, shi ne littafin wasu gida yankunan. Flight bene aka kare 87-mm makamai Layer. Bugu da kari ga kwance, da jirgin yana dauke da wani sosai m tsaye kariya. A jirgin sama m aka sanye take da wani sulke bel na 193 mm, cewa ba zai sake faruwa a cikin jirãge wannan aji. Amma a nan akwai wasu nuances. A lokacin shiri na m preponderance da jirgin ruwa a gefen dama da shi da aka samu, don haka da 193-mm makamai kiyaye kawai a gefen dama. A gefen hagu da shi da aka rage zuwa 178 mm da kuma smoothly yanke zuwa kasa na har zuwa 76 mm.

Game da sama da babban makamai bel, akwai wani abin dogara bayanai. A daya version, da makamai kauri daga 50 mm, da kuma a kan sauran - kawai 30-laba sheathing. A bel da aka rufe a cikin kagara traverznyh ta 160-mm bulkheads. Tuƙi kaya akwatin aka kiyaye shi ta makamai: a tarnaƙi - 193 mm. gaba da raya - 160mm, saman - 127 mm, da kuma kasa - 63 mm. A conning hasumiya da aka rufe 165-mm makamai a tarnaƙi kuma 87 mm - a saman. Igiyoyi babban kula da tsarin da aka kewaye a cikin wani bututu 102 mm a kauri.

tuki yi

A propulsion tsarin na jirgin kunshi hudu injuna turbozubchatyh "DAIKIN", wanda aka alaka da dozin coppers "Babcock Wilcox Karshen." Motors actuated hudu 5.5 mita fungal dunƙule a juyawa gudun 200 rpm. 10 dubu ton na man fetur a jirgin bace game da dubu 15 mil. A lokacin da zayyana shirya don samun ƙananan man fetur amfani, amma makamai obalodi kawo game da canje-canje. A boilers sun kasance a cikin fore da aft sassa na m, a watertight compartments. Ikon shuka shagaltar da duka na 26 compartments. A daya hannun, ta ƙãra ta lamarinsa, kuma a kan sauran - wuya sabis. Nan da irin wannan makirci ba a amfani da ra'ayi na wuya tabbatarwa.

m gudun ya 33 kullin, wanda a wancan lokacin shi ne kawai kyau kwarai nuna alama ko da a kwatanta da kasa overall jirgin ruwa. Abin lura shi ne cewa jirgin, kazalika da wakilan da "Essex" aji sosai-sa lokacinta. Hujja da wannan ne 4452-mil tafiya, wanda ya sanya a wani matsakaita gudun 32,5 knots.

karin kayan aiki

Babban jirgin sama fasaha kayan aiki biyu catapults karfe jirgin ruwa, uku lifts da kuma 'yan finishers. Haka kuma sanye take da latest (a lokacin, ba shakka) version of "Essex". Bugu da kari, da jirgin sama m "Midway" sanye take da wani tsarin for MOTA KE SHAN MAI kuma don tare da jirgin sama makamai. Catapult H-Mk-IV-1 ta hanyar elongated hanya a haɗe jirgin saman soja gudun 145 km / h. Don Reload da catapult ciyarwa kawai 60 seconds. Amma aviafinisherov, suka tsaya 13.5-ton jirgin sama tashi a gudun 90 mil / hour. Biyu jirgin lif girma na 16.5 / 14 m da wani dauke da damar 12 ton sanya a kan bene. Jirgin ya dauke shi ya riga hudu mita da kuma sa har zuwa 8 ton.

Wutar Abin hawa hada 8 turbogenerators AC ikon 1250 kW kowane. Mains ƙarfin lantarki ne 440 V. janareto shigar a watertight compartments m zuwa ga raya na tukunyar jirgi daki. Bugu da kari, wata biyu da ya zama ruwan dare compartments positioned gaggawa dizal janareto da total damar 2850 kW. A sakamakon haka, jimlar damar jirgin jigilar ya kai mai rikodin high - 12 850 kW. A biyu daga tatacen zuwa cikakken samar da jirgin ruwa tare da ga tukunyar jirgi da kuma m bukatun.

habitability

jirgin sama m ƙungiya hada da ba wai kawai cikin jirgin, amma kuma jirgin sama ma'aikatan. Bisa ga tsare-tsaren, a 1943, lambar da matukan jirgin da ya sa 3443 a mutum. Daga cikin wadannan, 2112 (2006 matuƙan da 106 sanda) ya kasance daga cikin jirgin, da kuma 1331 mutane - to jirgin sama ma'aikatan. Bugu da kari, da zaci 140 madadin wurare, a harka da jirgin ruwa zai zama na flagship. Bisa ga aikin da jirgin da aka tsara don ko da more wurare don kauce wa overcrowding. Duk da haka, ta na shekarar 1947 da matukan jirgin da aka riga 4100 mutane, wanda rai yanayi bar yawa da za a so. Duk da haka, overcrowding a lokacin sha wahala duka US dako.

makamai

A jirgin da aka sanye take da mafi m bindigogi taba amfani a kan jirgin sama-dauke da jiragen ruwa. Daga cikinsu akwai 18 bindigogi 127 zamo, 21 - 40 da kuma 28 - 20th. Dako kamar "tsakãnin" muhimmanci daban-daban daga cikin precursor cikin sharuddan Zenith makamai. Maimakon 127-millimeter bindigogi da ganga tsawon na 38 calibres, sabon jirgin ruwa samu a 127-mm igwa MK-16. Su aka ɓullo ga jirgin ruwa na soja "Montana", wanda shiri bai dauki wuri. A gun aka saita zuwa guda hasumiya shigarwa da kuma yana da wani m yi. Aircraft m "Midway" shi ne kawai jirgin da ya karbi MK-16 gun. Daga baya suka shigar a kan Japan hallaka "Murasame", amma kuwa shi ne bindigogi dauka daga "Midway" a cikin shakka daga modernization a cikin 50s.

Domin kusa tsaron jirgin ruwa da aka sanye take chetyrehstvolnymi "Bofors" 40th da kuma guda-ganga "Oerlikon" 20-zamo. A lokacin shigarwa cikin sojan ruwa gunnery US Army soma guda-m ya 18 da kuma 21 chetyrehstvolnuyu kafuwa.

iska kungiyar

Tun shekarar 1945, jirgin sama m haifa da mayakan Chance Vought F4U Corsair. Bayan shekaru biyu a kan jirgin samu mayakan Grumman F8F Bearcat da wani Grumman F8F Bearcat. A farkon 60 ta a kan jirgin bayyana jiragen sama Grumman F9F damisa. A shekarar 1956 ta sabis a kan wannan jirgin sama m fara: F3H Demon, Vought F-8 'Yan Salibiyya, Douglas A-3 da 4 Douglas A-Skyhawk. A karshe, a shekarar 1970, aka maye gurbinsu a kan A-7 Corsair II.

A shekarar 1965, duk maye gurbinsu da sabon mayakan - McDonnell Douglas F-4 fatalwa II. A shekarar 1986, an maye gurbinsu da jirgin sama F / A-18 zirnako. A farkon 70 ta jirgin MOTA KE SHAN MAI motocin dakon shigar da m Grumman A-6 kutsawa. A kan jirgin jigilar ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai saukar ungulu SH-2 Seasprite, wanda aka yi amfani da yafi ga tabbatarwa daga cikin jirgin ruwa da kuma kaya bayarwa. Ya yi aiki a wuraren da ba zai yiwu ba ga dok da ginshiƙin gada. Kamar yadda na yau, duk Air Group ne wani ɓangare daga cikin jirgin saman daukan hotuna.

radars

Midway jirgin sama m radar kayan aiki ba su sãɓã ba daga "Essex" kayan aiki. Yana hada biyu radar tashoshin gane iska hari, biyu radars don gane surface hari, a radar altimeter da kuma babban yawan tashoshin cewa sarrafa wuta.

modernization

A jirgin ruwa da aka akai-akai mai ladabi. A farko zamani ya faru ne a shekara ta 1955. Its manufarsa shine ƙara da m rayuwa da kuma fadada ta damar. The zane na jirgin ya samu a yawan canje-canje. Babban wadanda su ne:

1. Runway tura a 8 digiri dangi zuwa tsaye axis na m. Godiya ga wannan kadan tsaftacewa da damar yin lokaci daya saukowa da shan kashe daga wani jirgin.
2. Maimakon biyu mazan tururi catapults jirgin ruwa sanye take da uku mafi karfi ne.
3. tabbatarwa daga cikin braking tsarin da aka samar. Yawan birki igiyoyi rage.
4. bene lif koma, kara da iya aiki.
5. "Island" da aka muhimmanci kyautata da kuma sanye take da wani yawan sabon kayan aiki.
6. The jirgin samu wani sabon "jĩfa da hanci."
7. Number manyan bindigogi rage zuwa 8.
8. Air bawul maye gurbinsu da wani sabon - karin iko.
9. A girma daga jirgin sama man fetur tankuna aka ƙara.
10. A waterline makamai bel dismantled.

Duk wannan ya kai ga cewa jirgin ruwa ta karu zuwa 62 dubu tons.

A marigayi 1966, a karo na biyu bita na jirgin sama m "Midway", wanda ya zama mafi girma a cikin tarihi na m zamani na jirgin. A sakamakon karshe su ne:

1. Canjawa wuri lifts da high dauke iya aiki.
2. A rage yawan guda biyu catapult - to biyu.
3. Ingantaccen braking tsarin.
4. Anya yankin na jirgin bene.
5. Zamanintar da "Tsibirin".

Tare da wadannan tacewa jirgin zauna a cikin sabis har 90s. Zamani kasafin kudin da aka miliyan 202 daloli.

ofishin

A watan Fabrairu 1946, da jirgin ya flagship na farko da jirgin sama m division. A watan Maris na wannan shekara, da jirgin sama m aka gwada dabaru da kuma kayan aiki tsara domin hushi sanyi weather. A farkon kaka, da jirgin sanya kaddamar da "V-2" makamai masu linzami.

A mafi wuya gwajin for "Midway" jirgin sama m ya frostbite ma'amaloli shafe horo da dabaru zuwa sabis a cikin Far Arewa.

A lokacin rani na 1951 ya yi aiki a kan jirgin jirgin sama canja wurin gwaje-gwaje F9F-5 a cikin tekun Atlantic. A shekara, "Midway" dauki bangare a cikin horar da NATO sojojin. A 1954, da jirgin ya aikata kusan circumnavigation, karshen aya daga abin da yake tsibirin Taiwan. A nan shi ne, a matsayin wani bangare na Amurka Bakwai jiragen ruwa, ya da tushe domin jirgin sama, rufe da fitarwa na tsibirin a lokacin farko Taiwan rikicin.

A watan Maris shekarar 1965, jirgin jigilar jiragen sama sun kai hari soja hari a Arewa da kuma Kudu Vietnam. A cikin duka, a lokacin da Vietnam War aviators "Midway" harbe saukar takwas jirgin sama. A shekara ta 1971, bayan da inganci, da jirgin sake koma zuwa Vietnam, inda ya mined jirgin halarci zuwa gida mashigai. A karshen, da isa yabo na K'abilan Biyetnam m samu lambar yabo daga shugaban kasa na Amurka.

A shekarar 1975, cikin jirgin da suka sashi a cikin aiki "intermittent iska." Afrilu 29 Byong-Ly - Air Force Major Kudu Vietnam - kwashe wata iyali a kan wani jirgin sama Cessna O-1. Je zuwa cikin teku, da jirgin sama ya gana da jirgin sama m "Midway". Bayan da dama yunkurin, da jirgin ya kafa sadarwar da jirgin sama. Karshe na tambaye shi game da saukowa. Saboda haka, zai iya faru, da ƙungiya da su saki jirgin bene na jirgin sama. Wasu daga cikinsu ma ya ragu a cikin ruwa. A jirgin sama ya sauka lafiya a kan bene, da kuma kyaftin na mutum yaba da matukan jirgi a gare su kwarewa da kuma ƙarfin hali. Kika aika a cikin ruwa kayan aiki ya kudin Amurka Navy na $ 10 miliyan. The ƙungiya daga jirgin sama m ya burge tare da K'abilan Biyetnam babbar yi cewa ko da ya taimake shi a sami wani aiki a kan bude sarari of America.

A 80 ta "Midway" tare da wani rukuni na sauran kotuna sun akai-akai da aka kawo wa zanga-zanga na Amurka soja a dangane da damuwar Koriya ta Arewa. A watan Maris na shekarar 1981 biyu masu saukar ungulu na zuwa da jirgin na wani jirgin sama m kungiyar, tsĩrar da mutane 17 da suka sha wahala saboda fadowa farar hula saukar ungulu. Sam saukar ungulu aka kuma tashe shi a kan bene.

A cikin watan Yuni 1990, wani ban tausayi ya faru a saka a jirgin jigilar. A jirgin ruwa ya kasance biyu fashe, wanda ke haifar da wata wuta da ta taso don game da 10 hours. A sakamakon, inda suka kashe biyu ma'aikatan jirgin, da kuma kara 9 suka ji rauni. A taron da aka rufe fiye da ɗaya da ɗari 'yan jaridun duniya. Media sanya abin da ya faru a babban matsala, shi da aka yi imani da cewa jirgin sa'an nan ya yi ritaya.

A 1989-1991. jirgin ruwa ya tsunduma cikin tashin da kasar Iraki, musamman a cikin aiki "Desert Storm". A watan Yuni na shekarar 1991, shi ya taimaki mutane da Philippines shafi da shigowa Dutsen Pinatubo.

A hira cikin gidan kayan gargajiya

A shekarar 1992, cikin jirgin da aka sa a ajiye. Har shekara ta 1998, shi ne a cikin rikon matsayi a Bremerton Washington. A cikin watan Satumba 2003, da jirgin sama m hau kan sa na karshe tafiya. A karshen aya daga cikin hanya ya Broadway matsayar jirgin ruwa a cikin gari San Diego, inda jirgin ya juya zuwa cikin gidan kayan gargajiya. A bude ya faru Yuni 7, 2004. A lokacin shekarar farko na aiki da gidan kayan gargajiya da aka ziyarci by fiye da 870 mutane dubu, wanda shi ne sau biyu ya fi da tsammanin daga cikin aikin shugabanninsu.

Domin haka dogon sabis na jirgin ya samu da yawa awards. Cif daga cikinsu ya kasance shugaban na block na godiya. Akwai ma awards saboda shiga cikin K'abilan Biyetnam ayyukan soji, 'yanto Kuwait, da kuma sauran ayyukan. Wasu daga cikin lambobin yabo za a sanya fiye da sau daya.

ƙarshe

Aircraft m "Midway", da halaye na wanda muka sake nazari a yau, ya zama daya daga cikin shahararrun jiragen ruwa na Amurka Navy. Ya, a daya hannun, ya burge tare da yawa, kuma alama ce ta ikon zamani soja da fasaha, da kuma a kan sauran - tuna mana game da Wauta na yaki. War - kunya da mutãne gabã ɗaya. Kuma zai zama mafi alhẽri idan biliyoyin daloli kashe ba a soja al'amarinmu, kuma a cikin wani abu mafi amfani.