Mene ne benzene? Structure benzene dabara, Properties da aikace-aikace

Daga cikin sararin arsenal na gudanar da mahadi akwai da dama mahadi, da samu da kuma nazarin da aka tare da dogon lokacin da kimiyya shawara. Su rightfully nasa benzene. Structure a benzene sunadarai karshe an dauka kawai a farkon karni na 20th, alhãli kuwa elemental abun da ke ciki na al'amarin ayyana ko a 1825 shekara, nuna rubutu shi daga ci kwalta, wanda aka samar a matsayin byproduct na coking kwal.

Benzene da toluene, anthracene, phenol, naphthalene a halin yanzu ake magana a kai a matsayin aromatic hydrocarbons. A wannan labarin, za mu dubi abin da suke da halaye na wannan kwayoyin hydrocarbon, gano da jiki Properties, kamar solubility, tafasar batu da yawa na benzene kuma nuna a fakaice da ikon yinsa, daga mahadi a masana'antu da kuma aikin noma.

Mene ne fagen fama?

Chemistry hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi classifies duk aka sani da abubuwa a cikin da dama kungiyoyin, kamar alkanes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, da dai sauransu Babban alama na kowane aji na kayan ne a gaban wasu iri shaidu. A kwayoyin dauke da kawai cikakken hydrocarbons sigma bond, a yawan abubuwa ethylene - biyu, sau uku bond a alkynes. Don abin da aji ne benzene?

A tsarin nuna gaban benzene a cikin kwayoyin da wani aromatic zobe, a benzene zobe na take. All mahadi kwayoyin halitta dauke da daya ko fiye na wadannan zobba a cikin kwayoyin, kira a matsayin aji na arenes (aromatic hydrocarbons). Bugu da kari ga benzene, wanda muka duba yiwuwar, wannan kungiya ya hada da babban yawan muhimmanci sosai abubuwa, wanda kamar yadda toluene, aniline, phenol da sauransu.

Yadda za a shirya tsarin da matsala da kwayoyin na aromatic hydrocarbon

Da farko, masana kimiyya sun kafa ingantaccen da kuma gwada yawa abun da ke ciki na fili bayyana ta da _da'awar, C ₆ H _6, inda zumunta kwayoyin taro na benzene ne 78. Sai dama embodiments na tsarin dabarbari aka samarwa, amma babu wani daga cikinsu ba dace da ainihin jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties na benzene lura chemists a dakin gwaje-gwaje gwajen.

Tana da kusan shekara arba'in kafin Jamus Explorer Alexander Kekule ya gabatar da version of tsarin dabara, wanda yana da wani benzene kwayoyin. Yana da aka samu halartar uku biyu shaidu, nuna yiwu unsaturated yanayin da sinadaran Properties na hydrocarbon. Wannan sabawa gaske data kasance hali interactions fili na dabara C ₆ H ₆ tare da wasu abubuwa, misali, tare da bromine, nitric acid, chlorine.

Kawai bayan bayani e benzene kwayoyin sanyi a tsarin dabara bayyana nadi benzene tsakiya (zobe), da kuma ta yanzu amfani da hanya kwayoyin sunadarai.

Lantarki sanyi na da kwayoyin C6H6

Irin na sarari tsarin yana da wani benzene? A tsarin da benzene karshe an tabbatar da biyu halayen: da trimerization na acetylene zuwa benzene kuma cyclohexane zuwa hydrogen raguwa. An gano cewa carbon atoms ne juna ta samar da wani lebur heksagon da suke a sp ² hybridization amfani da shi don sadarwa tare da uku da wasu sunadaran ta hudu valence electrons.

Sauran shida free p-electrons aka shirya perpendicular zuwa kwayoyin jirgin sama. Zoba juna, sai suka samar da jimlar electron girgije, da ake kira mai benzene tsakiya.

A yanayin da sinadaran bond-kwata

Sananne ne cewa jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties na da mahadi dogara, yafi a kan su na ciki tsarin da iri da sunadarai shaidu tsakanin kwayoyin halitta faruwa. A electron tsarin benzene, yana yiwuwa ya kammala da cewa, kwayoyin ne da bã sauki kuma biyu shaidu, wanda za a iya gani a cikin dabara Kekule. A akasin wannan, da sinadaran shaidu tsakanin carbon atoms ne daidai. Bugu da ƙari, general π-electron girgije (duk shida C kwayoyin halitta) Forms sinadaran irin connection, ya kira Sarauniya, ko aromatic. Wannan al'amari ya haddasa musamman Properties na benzene zobe kuma, kamar yadda wani sakamako, yanayin da sinadaran hulda da aromatic hydrocarbons da sauran abubuwa.

jiki Properties

Arenes dauke a cikin kwayoyin da kananan yawan carbon atoms wakilci mafi yawa taya. Yana ba da wani togiya, kuma benzene. A tsarin da benzene, kamar yadda za mu tuna, ya nuna ta kwayoyin halitta. Yaya wannan al'amari shafi da kaddarorin?

By rage yawan zafin jiki na ruwa wuce a cikin m lokaci da kuma benzene ne tuba a cikin wani fari crystalline taro. Yana da zuciya narke a zazzabi na 5,5 ° C. Karkashin al'ada yanayi, abu ne mai colorless ruwa tare da peculiar wari. Its tafasar batu na 80,1 ° C.

benzene yawa dabam dangane da yawan zafin jiki canji. A zafin jiki ne mafi girma, da yawa ne kasa. Ga 'yan misalai. A zazzabi na 10 ° yawa na 0,8884 g / ml, da kuma a 20 ° - 0,8786 g / ml. benzene nonpolar kwayoyin, don haka abu ne insoluble a ruwa. Amma da fili da kanta ne mai kyau Organic sauran ƙarfi, misali, fats.

Musamman benzene sinadaran Properties

Yana da aka kafa gwaje cewa aromatic tsakiya na benzene ne barga, Ina nufin Yana halin high jure tearing. Wannan gaskiya ta bayyana abu buri ga halayen da irin canzawa, misali, tare da chlorine karkashin al'ada yanayi, tare da bromine tare da nitric acid a gaban mai kara kuzari. Ya kamata a lura benzene high jure oxidising jamiái kamar potassium permanganate, bromine ruwa. Wannan sake tabbatar da rashi a cikin kwayoyin fagen fama da biyu shaidu. M hadawan abu da iskar shaka, in ba haka ba da aka sani da kona, halayyar duk aromatic hydrocarbons. Tun da yawan abun ciki na carbon a cikin DNA, C ₆ H ₆ manyan, benzene da hayaki harshen wuta retardant yana tare da samuwar toka barbashi. A dauki samar carbon dioxide da kuma ruwa. An ban sha'awa tambaya ita ce: za su iya da aromatic hydrocarbon amsa dangane? Bari mu yi la'akari da shi a cikin mafi daki-daki.

Abin da ya haddasa cikin benzene zobe rata?

Ka tuna cewa a cikin kwayoyin bond arenes ba sarauniya cewa sa daga zoba na shida p electrons carbon atoms. Shi ya ta'allaka ne a cikin zuciya na benzene zobe. Don a hallaka shi da kuma gudanar da Bugu da kari dauki, na bukatar a yawan yanayi na musamman, kamar hasken daukan hotuna, high yanayin zafi da kuma matsin lambar, catalysts. A cakuda benzene da chlorine reacts dangane karkashin mataki na ultraviolet radiation. A samfurin wannan hulda zai hexachlorocyclohexane - mai guba crystal abu a wajen noma, kamar yadda wani magani. A hexachlorane kwayoyin yana da wani benzene zobe, a wuri na katsewa faru shida da aka makala na chlorine kwayoyin halitta.

The m aikace-aikace na benzene

A daban-daban da masana'antu abu ne yadu amfani a matsayin sauran ƙarfi da kuma matsayin feedstock ga kara shiri na varnishes, robobi, dyes matsayin ƙari a motor habaka. An ma fi girma kewayon aikace-aikace ne Kalam na benzene kuma homologues daga gare ta. Alal misali, nitrobenzene, C ₆ H ₅ NO ₂ shi ne na farko reagent for aniline. A sakamakon da aka canza dauki tare da chlorine a gaban aluminum chloride matsayin mai kara kuzari da aka shirya hexachlorobenzene. Ana amfani da pre-jiyya na tsaba, kazalika da yin amfani da itace masana'antu domin kariya na itace da kwari. Homolog nitration na benzene (toluene) da aka samu fashewar, da aka sani da TNT ko TNT.

A cikin wannan labarin, mun yi nazari da kaddarorin irin aromatic fili a matsayin Bugu da kari dauki da kuma aka canza benzene konewa, da kuma gano ta yin amfani da masana'antu da kuma aikin noma.