History of tank samar da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma sauran kasashe

Fara tank ci gaban da aka qaddamar a lokacin yakin duniya na farko. Gigice mota Sahaban bayyana a cikin Yammacin Front. Fada tsakanin Jamus, Faransa da kuma Birtaniya da dama shekaru zauna positional. Sojoji zauna a cikin ramuka, da kuma gaban line an kusan ba motsi. Karya, ta hanyar da makiya matsayi data kasance wuraren da aka kusan ba zai yiwu. Barrage kuma tilasta zanga dakaru bai ba da ake so sakamakon. A tarihin tank cin fara da godiya ga Birtaniya. Sai waɗanda suka kasance na farko da ya yi amfani da ba da ciwon analogues kai-propelled inji.

United Kingdom

A farko Birtaniya tank Mark da na zo a cikin 1916, lokacin da wani gwaji model saki a cikin adadin 100 fama raka'a. Wannan tsari yana da biyu gyare-gyare: tare da na'ura bindigogi da kuma cannons. A tarihin tank ci gaba ya fara da "yi sa cikakken". Mark Na m. A cikin yakin da Somme ya bindigogi iya yi yãƙi ba, tare da Jamus gun emplacements.

Duk da cewa masu tankuna suke ajizai biyayya, suka nuna cewa sabon nau'in makami yana da tsanani al'amurra. Bugu da ƙari, na farko model jagoranci Jamus sojoji taba ganin wani abu kamar wannan a tsoro. Saboda haka, Mark Na yi amfani da karin matsayin m makami fiye da fama.

A cikin duka, wannan Burtaniya "iyali" bayyana tara model. Gagarumin ci gaba da aka lura Mark V. Ya samu wani hudu-gudun watsa da kuma musamman tank engine karkashin sunan "Ricardo". Ya na farko model, wanda gudanar kawai mutum daya. Akwai sun kasance wasu canje-canje. A tsananin yana da wani ƙarin na'ura gun, kuma Ya ƙãra gida kwamandan.

Faransa

Birtaniya nasarorin yi wahayi zuwa gare Faransa masõya ci gaba da gwaje-gwajen. A tarihin tank cin bashin yawa da model "Renault FT-17." Faransa bar shi a 1917-1918. (Yana da aka saki kusan 4000 raka'a). A kan FT-17 ingancinsu ce akalla cewa su ci gaba da aiki ko da a farkon yakin duniya na biyu (shekaru ashirin ga tank-gini - ne mai babbar lokaci).

Abin da ya bayyana irin wannan nasarar, "Reno"? Da cewa shi ne na farko da tank cewa wani classic layout. Control na na'ura da aka za'ayi daga gaban daga gare ta. A cikin cibiyar ya mai fama daki. Yana housed baya da engine daki. Irin wannan fasaha da kuma ergonomic bayani ne mafi kyau bude fama yuwuwar na FT-17. A tarihin tank cin dã ya kasance daban-daban idan ba don wannan na'ura. Mai masana tarihi la'akari da shi mafi nasara model amfani a yakin duniya na farko.

United States

An American tank ci gaba fara godiya ga kokarin Janar Dzhona Pershinga. Ya iso cikin Turai a 1917 tare da expeditionary sojojin na Amurka, bayan sun ayyana yaki kan Jamus. Matsahi na saba da kawayenta na kwarewa, su dabara da kuma positional yaki, wanda aka ba da ake zargi a Amurka, da janar fara neman shiriya daga hankali ga topic na tankuna.

A US Army ya sayi wani Faransanci "Reno" da kuma amfani da su a cikin fadace-fadace na Verdun. American designers, samun waje mota, aka gudanar da kadan gyara. Bayan yakin duniya na gashi sojojin Amurka da aka wargaza rundunar saboda kudin. Sa'an nan 'yan shekaru da sojojin Amurka ba su ba da wani kudi da za a gina sabon inji. Shi ne kawai a cikin 1930s. zo na farko na gwaji model na da kansa samar. Yana da aka M1931 (T11 yãƙi inji). Yana ba sun soma, amma gwaji aikin ba American zanen kaya da ake bukata abinci ga tunani kafin kara bincike.

Juyin Halitta daga American fasaha ya stalled saboda girma mawuyacin, mai tsanani girgiza tattalin arzikin kasar. Tsanani kudade ga injiniyoyi da kuma zanen kaya zuwa zo ne kawai tare da farkon yakin duniya na II, a lokacin da gwamnati gane cewa watakila za su ba za su iya zama daga teku, da kuma da tura dakaru zuwa Turai.

A 1941 ya bayyana "da M3 Stuart". Wannan haske tank aka saki a cikin adadin 23 dubu raka'a. Wannan rikodin a cikin aji ya har yanzu ba a karya. A tarihin duniya ba sani fiye na tank model samar a cikin irin wannan yawa. "Stuart" ba kawai amfani da US Army, amma kuma kawota da kawayenta: da United Kingdom, Faransa, China da kuma Tarayyar Soviet karkashin Ka taimaka-Lease.

Jamus

Armoured sojojin a Jamus sun bayyana ne kawai a zamanin Uku Reich. A yarjejeniyar da Versailles, ƙarshe daga cikin yakin duniya na farko, da Jamus haramta fara nasu yaƙi-cancantar Park. Saboda haka, a lokacin da Weimar Jamhuriyar, su inji Jamus da. Kuma kawai ya zo da iko a shekara ta 1933, da Nazis hyped soja flywheel. A farko haske tankuna da aka samar da shi da sunan tractors. Duk da haka, a hada a dandano na Jamus hukumomi don sauri zo daga buya. Amma ga daidaici tsakanin tankuna da tractors, cewa irin wannan ayyuka wanzu a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, inda a cikin 1930s. Yana da wani yawa na tarakta masana'antu gina, cewa, a cikin taron na yaki zai iya sauƙi canza karkashin tanki.

A 1926, Jamus da kuma Tarayyar Soviet rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a karkashin wanda nan gaba soja Jamus kwararru fara da za a horar da a na musamman makaranta kusa Kazan. Daga baya wannan kwarangwal fara ƙirƙirar art a gida. Ya zama na farko da Jamusanci tank Panzer I. Wannan tsari shine dalilin da Jamusanci jiragen ruwa.

By farkon yakin duniya na biyu a Jamus ya fiye da dubu uku tankuna, da kuma fiye da dubu huɗu da motoci da aka mayar da hankali kafin hari a kan Tarayyar Soviet a kan Eastern Front kadai. Jamusawa na farko nauyi kayan aiki amfani da hari. Mutane da yawa SS Panzer Division samu sirri sunan ( "Das Reich", "Totenkopf" da sauransu. D.). Mafi yawansu ba su kasance halakakku. Total ga yaki Uku Reich ya rasa game da 35 dubu motoci. A key Jamus matsakaici tank shi ne "damisa", da kuma nauyi - "Tiger."

Tarayyar Soviet

A cikin tsakiyar 1920s. tarihi na Soviet tank cin fara. A farko samarwa model na Tarayyar Soviet juya a kira su MS-1 (wani sunan - T-18). Kafin wannan, a zubar da cikin Red Army da aka sani kawai, kama inji kãma a lokacin yakin basasa. aiki a kan zayyana wani nauyi tank matsayin da aka shirya Da farko na duniya. Sai suka juya a shekara ta 1925, lokacin da bayan wani taro a cikin Red Army, da soja yanke shawarar aika da dukan albarkatun don ƙirƙirar wani kananan maneuverable model. Kuma shi ya da MS-1, halitta a 1927

Ba da da ewa akwai sauran Soviet tankuna. By 1933, an fara samar da haske T-26 da kuma BT, tankettes T-27, T-28 matsakaici da kuma nauyi T-35. Za'ayi m gwaje-gwajen. A tarihin Soviet tank samar farko na 1930s. An alama ta yi na amphibious tankuna. Su da aka gabatar model na T-37. Wadannan inji da wani sabon gaba daya dunƙule. Its fasalin jũya ruwan wukake suka. Lokacin da motsi da ninkaya da suka samar da baya up.

History of tank samar da Tarayyar Soviet zai zama bai cika ba tare da wani matsakaici tank T-28. Godiya a gare su, ya zama zai yiwu ingantaccen karfafa hada makamai raka'a. T-28 da aka yi nufin karya da tsaron gida matsayi na abokan gaba. A tank auna 28 ton kuma a fili tsaya towered shigarwa na makamai (gun da uku inji bindigogi ya kasance a cikinta).

A 1933-1939 gg. kerarre 50-ton T-35. Yana an halitta a matsayin mai fama abin hawa don bunkasa ingancin hari a breakout na kufaifan makada. A wannan lokacin, da tarihi na Soviet tank ci gaba shiga wani sabon zamani, domin shi ne na farko T-35 samu haka da yawa makamai. Its sa a biyar hasumiyai (biyar inji bindigogi da kuma uku bindigogi). Duk da haka, a cikin wannan model, akwai drawbacks - da farko clumsiness da matalauta ajiyar at ya fi girma masu girma dabam. Total kora da dama dubun T-35. Wasu daga cikin su aka yi amfani a gaban a farko mataki na Great Patriotic War.

1930

A cikin 30s na karshe karni ta Soviet injiniyoyi da kuma zanen kaya suna rayayye gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da alaka da halittar dabaran-sa ido tanki. Irin wannan na'ura da wahala inji shasi da powertrain, amma m masana gudanar ya jimre da dukan matsaloli tsayar su. A karshen 1930s. Track talakawan tank aka kafa, da aka sani da T-32. A nan gaba, akwai wata babbar Soviet labari dangane da shi. Muna magana ne game da T-34.

A kan Hauwa'u na Great Patriotic War, mafi designers mayar da hankali a kan biyu halaye na motoci: sirri da kuma firepower. Duk da haka, da Spanish da yakin basasa a cikin shekaru 1936-1937 ya nuna cewa wajibi ne zamanintar da sauran halaye. Da farko an buƙata makamai kariya da kuma manyan bindigogi da makamai.

manufar canza sakamakon sun nan da nan. A 1937 ya zo da T-111. Ya zama na farko da Soviet tankuna sanye take da protivosnaryadnym makamai. Shi ne mai babbar nasara, ba wai kawai ga m amma kuma ga duniya masana'antu. Halaye na T-111 suna da irin wannan shi aka yi nufi ga goyi bayan dakaru. Duk da haka, tsarin bai aka sa a cikin taro samar da dama injiniya dalilai. Yana tabbatar da cewa impractical cikin sharuddan taro da disassembly na sassa saboda katange dakatar da sauran fasali na na'ura.

Light Soviet tankuna

Sha'awa, da tarihi na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Soviet tank tankuna sãɓã wa jũna daga kasashen waje har zuwa huhu tankuna. A dukan wuraren da suka fi son saboda dalilan tattalin arziki. Tarayyar Soviet an ƙarin dalili. Ba kamar sauran kasashen Tarayyar Soviet haske tankuna da aka yi amfani da ba kawai ga m, amma kuma ga kai tsaye fama da abokan gaba. A key Soviet inji na da irin wannan sun kasance BT da kuma T-26. Kafin Jamus hari, suka lissafta ga mafi yawan Red Army na shakatawa (kawai gina game da dubu 20 raka'a).

Gina sabon model da kuma ci gaba a lokacin da Mai girma Patriotic War. A 1941, shi da aka tsara da T-70. Wannan tank aka fi kerarre a cikin dukan yaki. The most taimako ga nasarar da ya ya yi a lokacin yakin Kursk.

bayan shekarar 1945

A ƙarni na farko na post-yaki tankuna ne waɗanda raya fara a 1941-1945 da kuma wanda bai fara aiki a gaban. Wannan Soviet model EC-3, EC-4, kazalika da T-44 da kuma T-54. History of American tank samar da wannan lokaci bari M47, "M26 Pershing" da "M46 Patton." Wannan jerin ma ya hada da Birtaniya "jarumin".

Hur model ta 1945, a karshe ya zama sosai na musamman inji. Saboda haka, Soviet model PT-76 da aka tsara don yaƙar ruwa yanayi, da American "Walker Bulldog" An halicci ga bincike, "Sheridan" da aka tsara don sauki kai da jirgin sama. A 1950-ies. maye gurbin matsakaici da kuma nauyi tankuna zo babban yaƙi tankuna (MBT). Don haka ya kira Multi-manufa model, hada kyau kariya da kuma firepower. A farko a cikin wannan Gungu fara Soviet T-62 da kuma T-55 da kuma Faransa AMX-30. History of US tank samarwa ne irin wannan cewa aji babban yaƙi tankuna a Amurka ya fara da M60A1 kuma M48.

Na biyu post-yaki ƙarni

A 1960-1970-ies zo cikin zamanin biyu ƙarni na post-yaki tankuna. Abin da ke bambanta su daga waɗanda suke a gabãninsu? A sabon model an tsara ta injiniyoyi, da farko, ba da wanzuwar wani ci-gaba da zanga-kyautata fasahar, da kuma abu na biyu, a cikin yanayi na yin amfani da makaman kare dangi.

Wadannan tankuna samu a hade makamai kunshi wani jam'i na yadudduka da kuma sanya na daban-daban kayan. A farko wuri shi kariya daga sanadin motsi da kuma tarawa ammonium. Bugu da kari, da ƙungiya samu kariya kit daga makaman kare dangi. biyu ƙarni karfe tankuna sanye take da lantarki ciki: ballistic kwamfuta, Laser rangefinders, wuta-kula da tsarin, da dai sauransu ...

By mai kama da dabara bi T-72, M60A3, «jigo" "Damisa 1". Wasu model sun bayyana a sakamakon mai zurfi gyara daga ƙarni na farko na inji. Soviet tankuna na zamani domin ta yi a wani hanya na baya abokan hamayya, da kuma a wasu hanyoyi ko ta zarce su muhimmanci. Duk da haka, tun 1970s, ya zama m fada a Electronics kayan aiki. A sakamakon Soviet kayan aiki a farkon idanu zama wanda aka rabu amfani. Musamman m ya aiwatar da rikici bango a gabas ta tsakiya da kuma sauran kasashe, inda akwai wata duniya fashewa da Cold War.

wayewar

A 1980-ies. akwai wani abin da ake kira na uku post-yaki tsara. Ya unshi tarihin da Rasha tank-ginin. A key alama na wadannan model ya zama high-tech m kayan aiki. By tsara ta uku, su ne "Lekrerki" France, "Damisa 2" Jamus, "Challenger" Birtaniya, Amurka, "Abrams".

Tarihi na Rasha nuna alamar tank yi inji kamar da T-90 da kuma T-72B3. Wadannan model an kafe a cikin m 1990s. T-90 kuma ana kiranta "Vladimir" a cikin girmamawa da manyan zanen Vladimir Potkina. A 2000s, da tank zama mafi kyau sayar da babban yaƙi tank a duniya. A fuskar wannan tsarin shi ne tarihi na tank ci gaba a Rasha juya wani da ya daraja page. Duk da haka, m zanen kaya ba su daina, kuma ci gaba da nasara musamman fasaha bincike.

A shekarar 2015 ya bayyana sabuwar T-14. Its bayãnin hukuncin fasalin na karfe da irin wannan abubuwa a matsayin inda ba wanda yake zaune hasumiyar da kuma sa ido dandali "Armata". Domin da farko lokacin da T-14 da aka nuna wa jama'a a Nasara Parade sadaukar da 70th tunawa da Great Patriotic War. A tsarin da aka samar "Uralvagonzavod".