Enver Pasha: biography

Shahararren Turkish soja shugaban, Enver Pasha - daya daga cikin shugabannin na Sun Turk juyin juya halin. Ya kasance mai aiki husũma na Pan-Turkism da kwanon rufi da Musulunci, kazalika da ideologist na Armenian Kisan kare dangi a farkon na XX karni.

Enver Pasha: biography

22 ga watan Nuwamba, 1881 a Istanbul zuwa iyali ma'aikacin reluwe haife Ismail Enver, Enver Pasha nan gaba. Kasa mahaifin Enver - da Turks, kuma uwarsa - Gagauz ko Albanian. Enver ya ce babba na biyar yara, ya yi waɗansu 'yan'uwa biyu, kuma' yan'uwa biyu mãtã. Tun suna yara, Enver san shi zai zama wani soja, don haka na tafi karatu a wata makaranta soja. A cewar wasu tarihi records, ya koya ba quite cikakke, amma sauke karatu daga makarantar kimiyya a 1903 tare da daraja na kyaftin, kuma bayan shekaru uku da aka ciyar da su Manjo.

Enver aka aika zuwa bauta a Thessaloniki. Akwai, ya zama rayayye da hannu a cikin ayyukan da soja motsi kira "Gida da kuma Freedom", wanda ya gana a asirce, a karkashin laimar wani ya fi girma, kuma m yanayi na siyasa da kungiyar "Union da kuma ci gaba".

The Sun Turks da farko juyin juya halin

Bayan yarjejeniya tsakanin Nicholas II da Edward VII a kan dole sake fasalin a Macedonia, ya sa hannu a 1908, Turkey fara ƙwazo zanga-zangar, ya ƙara rura wutar jita-jita, da kuma zato game da rabo daga cikin Ottoman Empire. Movement "Unity da kuma ci gaba" da aka kira kansu Matasan Turks da kuma rike zanga-zanga da kuma gangami na soja kifar da gwamnatin Ottoman. Enver ya zama rayayye shiga a cikin zanga-zangar, kuma bayan wani lokaci riga, dubban mutane da suka bi shi. Young, mai aiki da enterprising, ya zama daya daga cikin shugabannin da matasa Turk juyin juya halin.

A 1908, a wani taro a Salonikah Enver Bey sanar da maido da kundin tsarin mulkin Turkiyya da kuma sanar da Yuli 10 A rana ta biyu na farkon na kundin tsarin mulkin zamanin Ottoman Empire. Bayan juyin mulkin, sai ya ciyar da shekaru biyu a matsayin Turkish attaché a Jamus, inda ya yaba da horar da sojoji na Jamus sojoji da kuma alama farkon soja hadin gwiwa tsakanin Turkiya da kuma Jamus.

Italo-Turkish War a Afirka

A 1911, Italiya ya zama hamayya Turkish tasiri a Tripolitania, da yankin na zamani Libya. Enver Bey bar Berlin ya tafi zuwa Libya don kai da Baturke sojojin. The shugaban ya iya ciyar da mai girma janyo ra'ayoyin jama'a yaƙin neman zaɓe, tara fiye da dubu 20 da sojoji, amma aka tilasta su bar Libya saboda da tsawo na Balkan War. A sakamakon haka, iko da Tripolitania tafi zuwa ga Italian Army.

Sakamako na wannan irin jagoranci da rashin biyan bukata daga cikin Turks da kuma rashin jituwa a cikin siyasa. "Unity da kuma ci gaba" ya fara rasa shahararsa da kuma goyon baya, da kuma a 1912 a majalisar zabe lashe ta Liberal Union, hana ikon Sun Turks.

Balkan War da Yunƙurin zuwa ikon

A watan Oktoba 1912, Ottoman sojojin sha wahala da shan kashi bayan shan kashi a Balkans, wanda ya haifar da rashin jituwa a cikin sabuwar gwamnatin. Wadannan sentiments sun yi amfani da Young Turks, kuma a cikin Janairu 1913 sanya wani juyin mulki, kifar da Liberal Union da kuma kafa mulkin kama karya na uku pashas. A irin triumvirate kunshi:

• Sun Turk shugaban Talaat Pasha, aiki a matsayin shugaban vizier ko Firayim Ministan, kazalika da ministan cikin gida;
• Jemal Pasha, rike da ofishin Cif na Navy.
• Enver Pasha, shugaban sojojin.

A lokacin triumvirate ƙa'ida dauke da Sultan Sultan Mehmed V, amma kuma a zahiri shine ikon da ke cikin hannun uku pashas. Enver Pasha, da biography na Sultan ya tabbatar da shi, ko auri 'yar Prince Suleiman. Saboda haka ya zama wani ɓangare na sarauta iyali.

Saka hannu cikin yakin duniya na

Kasancewarka Germanophile da kuma wani na hannun daman Jamus, Enver Pasha, kusan guda-handedly jan Turkey cikin yakin duniya na farko, za a lokaci guda, ko da a kan ra'ayi na da abokan aiki. Tare da amincewar na majalisar ministoci na Turkey, ya ba da izinin biyu Jamus warships shiga cikin Dardanelles da kuma kubuta daga zalunci da Faransa jiragen ruwa. Daga bisani, wadannan biyu jiragen ruwa da aka ba Turkish Navy, wanda nufi da makawa ƙarshe na kawance da Jamus da kuma Turkey ta hannu a cikin yaki.

A karshen watan Oktoba, jiragen ruwan shiga Black Sea da kuma kai hari a Rasha tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Odessa, Sevastopol da Feodosiya. A sakamakon harin, Rasha ayyana yaki kan Turkey. Enver Pasha shirya wani janar janyo ra'ayoyin jama'a, da kuma aka nada shi Ministan War.

Aiwatar da kisan gillar da Armenia da kuma Helenawa

Kamar yadda wani mabiyin goyon bayan kwanon rufi-Islama, Enver Pasha lanci rashin jituwa zuwa Armenia da al'ummai da suke zaune a cikin Ottoman Empire da masu ce Kristanci. Ko da yake wannan ba ya hana da Pasha yarda Armenian sojoji a sojojinsa.

A lokacin yakin duniya na farko a kan Rasha-Turkish gaban uku Turkish sojojin karkashin umurnin Enver Pasha sha kaye a yakin Sarikamis. Sa'an nan, ya dawo zuwa babban birnin kasar, Enver Pasha, da Armenian sojoji da ake zargi da tsoro da kuma unwillingness zuwa yãƙi, kuma sun rataye su alhakin rasa yaƙi. Wannan kashi ya dalilin da kisan kare dangi na Armenian yawan jama'a.

Kisa hana rayuwar game da rabin miliyan mutane, cikinsu, kuma Armenia waɗansu Helenawa da Suriyawa. Don wannan rana, da Armenia da Ottoman Empire kira da mataki a kan 'yan'uwanmu 1915 Grand laifi. The rauni, wanda ya sa da Turks da Armenian mutane, saboda haka mai zurfi cewa, a shekara ta 1919 a taron da Armenian Revolutionary Commonwealth da aka yanke shawarar shirya na aiki "Nemesis".

Enver Pasha: "Nemesis" da kuma jirgin daga Turkey

A lokacin "Operation Nemesis" mutane 40 ne aka zaba, waɗanda suke da alhakin wannan kungiyar da kuma kisa na kisan kare dangi. Ga kowane ƙarin da hankali tattalin kisan kai. Artists ayyukan hana rayuwar biyu wakilan da triumvirate: Talaal Pasha da kuma Cemal Pasha, duk da haka, Enver Pasha aka kashe su, da kuma ba ya tsere azaba, da barin Turkey. Ya jima a Moscow, ya yi aiki tare da Bolshevik gwamnati da kuma shirin da ya dawo gida.

A Bolsheviks, bi da bi, shi ne daidai da tallafawa jam'iyyar na Enver Pasha da Republican People Party Kemal. Da zarar Kemal samu nasarar kammala ta juyin juya hali, Enver Pasha ya rasa da goyon bayan da Bolsheviks. Tsohon Turkish shugaban da aka aika zuwa Buhari yaki Basmach motsi.

basmachi

Feeling persona ba grata a cikin ja gwamnati, Enver Pasha yanke shawarar in je a kan wa Basmachi. Daga Turkestan, ya aika da wasika zuwa Moscow da ake bukata don janye sojojin Bolsheviks, da kuma tabbatar da 'yancin kai na yankin.

Tare da baiwa, da amincewa da kuma sanin asĩri wuri na Red Army a yankin, Enver Pasha ya tashi da sauri a cikin gubar tsakanin Basmachi da kuma gudanar da dama nasara ayyukan. Duk da haka, ya m so ya dauki dukan ikon da zama shugaban Basmachis ba a yarda da shi wajen samar da dangantaka da sauran shugabanni. Sun akai-akai ki Enver Pasha a taimakon da sojojin, Ibrahim Bey, ki gane primacy na Pasha, da zarar ko da farmaki sojojinsa, haddasa irreparable lalacewa. Enver Pasha aka kashe su, kõ suka ji rauni, amma ba zai iya ci gaba da aiki.

Tsohon shugaban da aka tilasta musu gudu zuwa Baldzhuan, a inda yake boye da kananan karfi a cikin kusanci da birnin. A farkon watan Agusta, ya sa ido saukar da Bolsheviks, da kuma aika wani detachment na KGB, da nufin su kama ko kashe shi. 4 ga watan Agusta, 1922 a lokacin da wani yaƙi da detachment na Bolsheviks aka harbe Enver Pasha. Jagoran Kisa Basmachi tabbatar George Agabeyov, gano headless jiki.