A bourgeois juyin juya halin a Ingila: da kwanan wata, yana sa, sakamakon

Shahararren bourgeois juyin juya halin a Ingila (1642-1660) da aka sani a cikin kasar a karkashin wannan sunan ta Soviet litattafan, wanda mayar da hankali a kan aji gwagwarmaya a cikin harshen Turanci, al'umma da XVII karni. A daidai wannan lokaci, wadannan abubuwan da suka faru a Turai, da aka sani kawai kamar wani "yakin basasa." Shi ya zama daya daga cikin key events ya zamanin da tsare da vector na ci gaba a Ingila kan gaba ƙarni.

A muhawara tsakanin sarki da kuma majalisar dokokin kasar

Babban dalilin da yaki ya da wani rikici tsakanin zartarwa da kuma na majalisar dokoki. A gefe daya ya Korol Karl na daga cikin Stuart daular, wanda ya yi mulki Ingila a matsayin mai cikakkar monarch, tauye 'yan ƙasa na da hakkin. Da shi ya zo har majalisar dokokin kasar, wanda ya wanzu a kasar tun da XII karni, a lõkacin da aka sanya da Magna Carta. A Majalisar Wakilai na daban-daban azuzuwan ba ya so ya yarda da cewa sarki daukan tafi ta iko da shi ne m siyasa.

A bourgeois juyin juya halin a Ingila da sauran muhimman abubuwan. A lokacin yakin, kokarin gane da dangantakar wakilan daban-daban Kirista ƙungiyõyi (Katolika, Anglicans, ha] e). Wannan rikici ya amsa kuwwa na wani muhimmanci Turai taron. A 1618-1648 gg. a kan ƙasa na Allah Mai Tsarki Roman Empire taso shekaru talatin da 'War. Yana fara a matsayin gwagwarmaya domin hakkokin yan Protestants, wanda tsayayya da Katolika. A tsawon lokaci, da yaki da sucked dukan ƙarfafan Turai iko, fãce Ingila. Duk da haka, ko da a kan wani zama ruwan dare tsibirin addini shawarwari da za a warware da karfi da makamai.

Wani alama da ke bambanta da bourgeois juyin juya halin a Ingila, ya kasa adawa da Birtaniya, da kuma Scots, Welsh kuma Irish. Wadannan mutane uku da aka cinye ta da yaki da daular mulkinsu da kuma so a cimma 'yancin kai, shan amfani da yaki a cikin mulkin.

Fara juyin juya halin

Manyan dalilan da bourgeois juyin juya halin a Ingila, aka bayyana a sama, kamata jima ko daga baya kai ga yin amfani da makamai. Amma bukatar wani gagarumin dalilin wannan. Ya aka samu a 1642. A kawai 'yan watanni kafin a fara da kasa tawaye a Ireland, da gida mutane wanda zai yi wani abu ya fitar da Birtaniya invaders daga tsibirin.

A London, nan da nan fara shirya da su aika da sojoji zuwa yamma, domin pacify discontented. Amma da farkon na yakin da ya hana shawarwari tsakanin majalisar da kuma Sarki. A jam'iyyun ba zai iya yarda a kan wanda zai jagoranci sojojin. Bisa ga kwanan nan soma dokokin, sojojin biyaya ga majalisar. Duk da haka, Charles na so in dauki himma a cikin hannuwansu. Don tsoro da wakilai,, ya ba zato ba tsammani ya yanke shawarar kama mai tsananin abokan adawar a majalisar dokokin kasar. Daga cikin su suna da irin 'yan siyasa kamar yadda Dzhon Pim da Denzil Hollis. Amma duk suka gudu daga aminci matsara da sarki a karshe lokacin.

Sa'an nan Karl, tsoratar da kai, saboda nasu kuskure zai zama wanda aka azabtar da wani mayar da martani, ya gudu zuwa New York. Sarkin mugun fara gwada ruwayen da kuma shawo matsakaici membobin majalisar tafi zuwa ga gefen. Wasu daga cikin su haƙiƙa ya tafi zuwa ga Stewart. A wannan gaskiya ne daga cikin sojojin. Wakilai daga cikin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya nobility wanda ya so ya kiyaye da haihuwa domin na cikakkar daular mulkinsu, sun Layer na al'umma da cewa goyon sarki. Sa'an nan Charles, imani, a kansu, tare da sojoji suka tafi London don magance mai tsaurin kai majalisar dokokin kasar. Yakin da aka kaddamar a watan Agusta 22, 1642, da kuma tare da shi ya fara da bourgeois juyin juya halin a Ingila.

"Roundheads" da cikin "Gentlemen"

Magoya bayan da majalisar da aka kira Roundheads, da kuma kare Sarauta - da Cavaliers. A farko da manyan yaƙi tsakanin biyu sabani sojojin ya faru ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 1642 a kusa da kauyen na Edgehill. Godiya ta zuwa ga na farko nasara Gentlemen gudanar ya kare Oxford, wanda ya zama mazaunin Charles I.

Sarki ya yi wa sarki kwamandan soja na dan dan'uwansa Rupert. Shi ɗan na Elector Palatine Frederick, saboda abin da talatin da shekaru 'War fara a Jamus. A karshen, da sarki ya kore Rupert iyali daga cikin kasar, da kuma matasa mutum kuma ya zama harsunan 'yan barandan. Kafin ziyartar Ingila, ya sami wani arziki na soja kwarewa ta hanyar sabis a cikin Netherlands da kuma koyon a Sweden. Yanzu sarki dan wa, ya jagoranci Cavaliers tura sojojin, da so su kama London, wanda ya kasance a cikin hannãyenku daga cikin magoya bayan majalisar. Saboda haka, Ingila a lokacin bourgeois juyin juya halin da aka raba biyu halves.

Roundheads goyon bayan fledgling bourgeoisie da kuma yan kasuwa. Wadannan zamantakewa azuzuwan sun kasance mafi proactive a kasarsu. Suka kuma kiyaye da tattalin arziki, da godiya ga su ire. Saboda la'akari m manufofin da sarki ya zama wani dan kasuwa a Ingila ya zama ƙara wuya. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa bourgeoisie ya a gefe na majalisar, fatan nasara don samun wa'adi da 'yancin gudanar da nasu al'amura.

hali Cromwell

Shugabannin siyasa a London ya da Oliver Cromwell. Ya zo daga wani m landowning iyali. Its tasiri da kuma iya sami ta hanyar wayo da alaka da coci dukiya. Tare da fashewa yaki , ya zama wani hafsa na majalisar sojojin. Da basira saukar kwamandan a Battle of Marston Moor, wanda ya faru a kan Yuli 2, shekarar 1644.

A shi gāba da sarkin da aka ba kawai zagaye-gangarawa ba, amma da Scots. Wannan al'umma yana da ƙarni ya yi yaƙi domin 'yancin kai na ta kudancin makwabta. Majalisar a Ingila kammala wani ƙawance da Scots da Charles. Sarki ya kama tsakanin biyu fronts. Lokacin da Allied rundunar shiga tare, suka tafi gefen York.

A Battle of Marston Moor ya samu halartar duka na game da 40,000 mutane a garesu. Magoya bayan sarki, ya jagoranci Prince Rupert, sha kaye, bayan da gaba dayan arewa na Ingila, an barrantar da Cavaliers. Oliver Cromwell da sojojin doki da aka wa lakabi da "Ironsides" domin halin iya jurewa da kuma jimiri a wani mawuyacin lokacin.

Army garambawul a majalisar

Godiya ga nasara a Marston Moor Oliver Cromwell zama daya daga cikin shugabannin majalisar. A cikin fall na shekarar 1644, a cikin House of wakilan kananan hukumomi, wanda lazimta babbar haraji (don tabbatar da dace aiki na sojojin). Sun ruwaito cewa su iya ba sa kudi a cikin taskar. Wannan taron shi ne samar da kuzari ga garambawul a cikin Roundheads sojojin.

A shekaru biyu na farko na sakamakon da yaki ba m ga majalisar. Success a Marston Moor shi ne na farko da nasarar da Roundheads, amma ba wanda zai iya cewa da tabbaci ba da sa'a zai ci gaba da bi a kan maƙiyan sarki. Majalisar sojojin ne halin da low matakan da horo, domin a bayansa da yafi saboda inept recruits, wanda, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, kuma suka yi jihãdi da rashin so. Wasu recruits aka ake zargin na da alaka da Gentlemen da kuma cin amana.

New model sojojin

Majalisar a Ingila so ya rabu da mu wannan halin da ake ciki mai raɗaɗi a cikin sojojin. Saboda haka, a cikin kaka na shekarar 1644, da zabe ya faru, wanda ke haifar da iko da sojojin guda-handedly tafi Cromwell. Ya aka kaddamar da wani sashe ya gyara, kuma wannan ya samu nasarar yi a cikin gajeren lokaci.

New sojojin da aka kira "sabon model sojojin". Yana da aka halitta da "Ironsides" model rajimanti, wanda daga farkon jagorancin Cromwell kansa. Yanzu majalisar sojojin batun matsananci horo (da shi da aka haramta amfani da barasa, wasa cards da sauransu. D.). Bugu da ƙari, ta babban kwarangwal karfe Puritan. Shi ne mai garambawul ga gaba daya kishiyar monarchical Katolika na Stuart.

Puritani sãɓã wa jũna mai tsanani rayuwa da kuma sacral rabo daga Littafi Mai Tsarki. A Army ya zama na kullum na sabon samfurin karatu daga Bishara da yaki da sauran Protestant ayyukan hajji.

A karshe kashi na Charles I

Bayan da gyara, Cromwell da kuma sojojinsa da fuskantar wani muhimmanci gwajin a cikin yaƙi da Cavaliers. Yuni 14, 1645 a cikin County na Northamptonshire gudanar Battle of Naseby. Cavaliers sha kaye. Bayan haka, na farko bourgeois juyin juya halin a Ingila, ya koma zuwa wani sabon mataki. Sarki aka ba kawai hallaka. Roundheads ya ɗauki kaya da kuma samun damar yin amfani da sirrin rubutu, a cikin abin da Karl Styuart kira da taimakon Faransa. Daga cikin rubutu ya bayyana cewa monarch ya shirye su a zahiri sayar da kasar zuwa kasashen waje, kamar su zauna a kan gadon sarautar.

Wadannan takardu da da ewa ba zai samu mai yawa talla, da kuma jama'a karshe jũya daga Karl. Sarkin na farko shi ne a cikin hannãyenku daga cikin Scots, wanda ga wani babban Jimlar kudi sayar da shi ga Burtaniya. Da farko monarch kiyaye a cikin kurkuku, amma har yanzu ba ƙa'ida hambararren. Tare da Karl kokarin cimma yarjejeniya (majalisar, Cromwell, 'yan kasashen waje), miƙa yanayi daban-daban komawa zuwa iko. Bayan ya tsere daga kamara, sa'an nan kuma ya aka kama, ya ƙaddara aka shãfe haske. Karl Stewart ya kasance a kan shari'a da kuma yanke masa hukumcin kisa. Janairu 30, 1649 ya aka fille kansa.

Pride ta kawar da majalisar

Idan muka yi la'akari da juyin juya halin a Ingila a matsayin wani rikici na Charles da kuma majalisar, shi har yanzu ƙare a 1646. Duk da haka, masana tarihi yada a kan wani m fassarar da ambatacce, wanda yake rufe dukkan lokaci na m Jihar ikon a kasar a tsakiyar XVII karni. Bayan da sarki aka ci, da rikice-rikice sun fara ne a majalisar. Daban-daban ƙungiyõyin kokawa domin iko, so ya rabu da mu kishiyoyinsu.

Babban halayyar cewa shared siyasa ya zama addini. A majalisar, suka yi yaƙi a tsakãninsu Presbyterians da zaman. Waɗannan su ne wakilan daban-daban nufi na Protestantism. Disamba 6, 1648 akwai Pride ta kawar da majalisar. Army goyon bayan zaman da Presbyterians fitar. A sabuwar majalisar dokokin kasar, da ake kira gindi, a 1649 a takaice kafa jamhuriyar.

The yaki tare da Scots

Manyan-sikelin abubuwan tarihin da kai ga m sakamakon. A kifar da daular mulkinsu kawai ya karu kabilanci jayayya. A Dan Ailan da Scots yunkurin da karfi da makamai a cimma 'yancin kai. Majalisar aika a kansu da sojoji, a karkashin jagorancin Oliver Cromwell ya sake tashi. A dalilan da bourgeois juyin juya halin a Ingila kunshi ma a wani unequal matsayi na mutane daban-daban, don haka idan dai wannan rikici ya ba aka ƙãre, shi ba zai iya kawo karshen lumana. A 1651, Cromwell sojojin ci Scots a Battle of Worcester da kuma kawo ƙarshen su gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai.

A mulkin kama karya na Cromwell

Saboda nasarar Cromwell zama ba kawai m, amma kuma wani tasiri siyasa. A 1653, ya wargaza rundunar ta majalisar dokokin kasar da kuma kafa wata protectorate. A wasu kalmomin, Cromwell zama tafin kafa mulkin danniya. Ya dauki cikin title na Ubangiji Masõyin Ingila, Scotland da kuma Ireland.

Cromwell ya iya taƙaice don kwantar da kasa godiya ta zuwa ga m matakan dangane da abokan adawar. A gaskiya ma, cikin kasa kasance a cikin wani yanayi na yaki, wanda ya kai ga bourgeois juyin juya halin a Ingila. Tebur ya nuna yadda za a canza ikon a kasar a lokacin dogon shekaru na yakin basasa.

A ƙarshen protectorate

A 1658, Cromwell ya mutu daga typhus. Zo ga ikon, ɗansa, Richard, amma ya ne da yanayi ya akasin ya karfi-so mahaifinsa. Lokacin da ta fara rashin tsari, da kuma kasar flooded daban-daban opportunists wanda ya so ya kama mulki.

Abubuwan tarihin da suka faru daya bayan daya. A May 1659 Richard Kromvel aikin yi murabus, ba da sojojin da bukatun. A cikin wadannan yanayi, da hargitsi na majalisar ya fara gudanar da shawarwari tare da dan da hukuncin kisa Charles I (kuma Carl) a kan sabuntawa na daular mulkinsu.

Sabuntawa na daular mulkinsu

A sabon sarki, ya koma gida daga gudun hijira. A 1660 ya zama na gaba monarch na Stuart. Kamar wancan ƙare da juyin juya halin. Duk da haka, na maido ya nufin cewa absolutism aka ƙare. Tsohon feudalism aka gaba daya hallaka. A bourgeois juyin juya halin a Ingila, a takaice, ya haddasa zuwa fitowan da tsarin jari-hujja. Ya yarda Ingila (kuma daga baya Birtaniya) zama manyan tattalin arziki da iko a duniya a cikin XIX karni. Waɗancan ne sakamakon bourgeois juyin juya halin a Ingila. Fara masana'antu da kimiyya juyin mulki, ya zama key aukuwa ga ci gaban da mutãne gabã ɗaya.