Vera Figner: biography da kuma ban sha'awa facts na rayuwa

The hali na Rasha da juyin juya halin, Oddly isa, ya zo daidai da m feminization na mata. More kuma mafi 'yan mata a cikin marigayi 19th - farkon karni na 20th ƙaryata rawar da matarsa da mahaifiyarsa da kuma shiga cikin aiki gwagwarmaya, ba kawai ga' yancin, amma kuma a general domin yancin yan Adam. Daya daga cikin haske memba na neman sauyi motsi a cikin bi da bi daga cikin karni ya Figner cewa shigar da imani a cikin tarihi na shirye-shiryen da wani tsoro yunkurin a kan Sarkin sarakuna Alexander II.

asalin

Figner sani juyin-juya Vera, kamar yadda yake yawanci vodilos a nascent neman sauyi motsi, ya na daraja da asali. A tarihin kansa, ta rubuta a Moscow a 1926, lokacin da ya kasance warai gamsu neman sauyi, ta nuna cewa, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Figner, ta uba kakan, wani bafada na Livonia (ba-rana Baltic). A 1828, lokacin da daraja na leftana, aka sanya wa nobility a Kazan lardin.

Gonaki sun kuma a kan masu juna biyu gefen. Kakan Vera Nikolaevna, Hristofor Petrovich Kupriyanov, daga manyan gonaki, aiki a matsayin County hukunci. Ya mallakar ƙasar a cikin County da kuma Tetyushinskom Ufa lardin. Amma daga wadãtarsa sun kawai 400 kauyuka Hristoforovka zakar da janye mahaifiyarsa. Uba Nikolay Aleksandrovich Figner, a 1847 ya yi ritaya tare da daraja na kyaftin.

yara

Vera Figner kanta da aka haife shi a 1852 a Kazan lardin. The iyali da 'ya'ya biyar: Lydia ta' yar'uwarsa, Eugenia, da kuma Olga, 'yan'uwa Nicholas da Bitrus. Ambatar mahaifansa biyu, nan gaba 'yan ta'adda rubuta abin da suka kasance mabanbanta a halin, amma a lokaci guda mai kuzari da kuma karfi-so, kuma da m aiki. Wadannan halaye, ta tuno, aka grafted a wata hanya duk yara, kowanne daga abin ne mai yiwuwa saboda matsananci tarbiyyar da ya bar ta alama a tarihi.

Vera Figner, biography aka bayyana a cikin daki-daki, a ta littafin "The shãfe haske aiki", ya rubuta cewa a cikin ta yarantaka da aka ba a gane hali na yaro, kuma babu zumunta tsakanin iyaye da yara. A horo da aka bisa ga tsanani horo, shuka Spartan halaye. Haka kuma, 'yan'uwa sun kasance, da kuma Kofur azãba. Kawai kusa aboki ga yara shi ne tsohon nas Natalia Makarievna. Amma duk da haka Vera Figner Notes cewa iyali taba jayayya, ba su rantse kalmomi za a iya ji, "kuma shi ya ba ƙarya." Saboda da sabis na iyalin gidan mahaifinsa ya rayu a ƙauyen da aka hana taron gunduma na birane rayuwa, sabili da haka, ya ce Vera, "ba mu san wani munãfinci, ko tsegumi da kuma Scandal".

matasa

A sakamakon ko duk da, amma zuriya na iyali zo, kamar yadda suka faɗa, ga mutane: Bitrus ya zama wata babbar karafa da injiniya, Nikolai - sanannen opera singer. Amma da 'yan'uwanku mãtã, da dukan uku na su bada kansu ga neman sauyi gwagwarmaya.

Kuma Figner Vera Nikolaevna, short biography wanda aka wakilta a cikin binciken, kuma ya sadaukar da kansa ga juyin juya halin da haske.

Yarantaka ƙare lokacin da yarinya da aka tsince a Kazan Rodionovskaya Institute for Noble akwai mãtã. Ilimi bisa ka'idodin addini, to wanda Vera zauna sha'aninsu dabam, za zurfi cikin rashin bin addini. A horo tsawon shekaru shida, a lokacin da yarinya ya tafi gida domin holidays kawai sau hudu.

Bayan samun digiri Vera Figner koma gida zuwa kauyen. Kamar yadda ta rubuta a cikin jejin suka tafi kawai Uncle Peter Kupriyanov, suka san ra'ayoyin na Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov da Pisarev, kazalika da rukunan utilitarianism, wanda aka cika da wata yarinya. Direct sani da peasantry, ta na da wani hakikanin rai da gaskiya, yana da dace nuna ra'ayi, haƙĩƙa, sun shige shi, wanda adversely shafi ta sani da rayuwa da kuma mutane.

external tasiri

A farko ko fahimtar tsanani adabi a Figner ya shekaru 13 da haihuwa sa'ad da ta kawun Kupriyanov yarda ka dauki tare da shi domin kafa wani shekara-shekara jerawa mujallar "Rasha kalma." Duk da haka, na karanta a can ayyukansu sun ba da tasiri a kan yarinyar. A institute karatu da aka dakatar, da kuma littafin da ya mahaifiyarta mallakar adabi da kuma rinjayi mafi sensuality fiye da ilimi ci gaba. Tsanani aikin jarida ba ya fada cikin hannun ta har a wani lokaci.

A farko da ra'ayi sanya a kan ta labari "Daya ne jarumi," Spielhagen. Oddly isa, amma muhimmanci littafin wa kansu Vera Figner bikin bishara. Duk da sadaukar da su basu yarda, ta koya daga cikin littafin rai na akida, da mun shiryar da duk rayuwarsa. A musamman, sakamakonsa, kuma kunya sake zaba manufa. Nekrasov ta waka "Sasha", wanda sanar da ba su rarrabe a tsakãnin da magana, daga yanayin, kammala da samuwar da falsafa kafuwar nan gaba neman sauyi.

aure

A marmarin zama da amfani a kawo a matsayin mai yawa farin ciki ga mafiya yawan mutanen da Azancin ya kai ga ta da sha'awar yin koyi daga Aesculapius. Ta yanke shawarar karatu magani a Switzerland. Amma don gane da wannan nufi shi ne kawai a 1870, bayan ta yi aure da wani matashi mai binciken Alekseya Viktorovicha Filippova. Ji wata rana, da yadda shi ne tambayar da ake zargin da kuma ya ga wannan infamy, rinjayi mijinta ba up wannan aiki da kuma tafi tare da ita zuwa sami wani likita digiri a Jami'ar Zurich.

Isa kasashen waje Figner Vera Nikolaevna hadu karo na farko da kuma shigar da ra'ayoyi da gurguzanci, da ƙungiya da mutane ta motsi. A zabi na gurguzu canji ya fara tare da MUG ziyara "Fritzsche" a Zurich, inda ta gana da Faransa socialists Cabet, Saint-Simon, Fourier, Lui Blanom, Proudhon. Kamar yadda ta lura, zaɓi gefe na juyin juya halin da shi wahayi ba sosai da wani Keen ji na gaskiya, kamar yadda "zaluntar da hukuncin aji to kashe neman sauyi motsi."

Koma zuwa Rasha

A 1875 da ya je Rasha, "Fritsch" mambobi na kungiyar domin gabatarwa na gurguzu ideas daga aiki aji, aka kama. Bayan samun kira daga sahabbansa zuwa sabunta neman sauyi sadarwa a Rasha, Vera Figner - biography taƙaice ta shãfi ta ji da kuma shakku a kan wannan ci - da ya tilasta wa barin jami'a horo da kuma komawa gida. Shakka shi da alaka da cewa shi jefa abu halfway, amma ko da yaushe tunani shi karye. A Rasha, shi ne har yanzu shige da jarrabawa ga paramedic. Bayan shekaru biyar da aure, ta saki mijinta, wanda bai raba ta babbar sha'awa juyin juya hali, da kuma tafi St. Petersburg.

By tsakiyar 70s na karni na 19th ya fara samar da wani sabon sauyi cibiyar wanda shirin huda ne ba kawai sauyi romanticism, amma kuma mataki. A musamman, da real yaki da gwamnati. Sa'an nan a karo na farko da muka yi magana game da yin amfani da Dynamite da yaki.

A 1878 ya busa farko harbi na neman sauyi wanda canza shugabanci na wannan yunkuri a Rasha. A St. Petersburg magajin garin Trepov kora Vera Zasulich. Yana da aka fansa ga Kofur azãba, wanda ya sha wahala a siyasa nanata ga wani abu da ba a cire kafin hula magabatansu. Bayan haka, a duk faɗin ƙasar sun kasance biya tare da ta'addanci.

Halittar "Narodnaya Volya"

Vera Figner ko da yake ba kai tsaye kunshe a cikin motsi "Land da kuma Freedom", duk da haka da makwabtaka ra'ayoyi da nasu m da'irar "awaren". Ya halarci taron kungiyar a Voronezh. Duk da haka, kamar yadda ta rubuta, a Congress har zuwa abin da bai yarda. Jayayya Boiled saukar zuwa domin ci gaba da neman sauyi da ilimi a cikin karkara, kuma a lokaci guda zuwa yaqi tare da gwamnati. A cinikayya-kashe, kamar yadda ya saba, ya kai ga gaskiya cewa motsi ya rabu biyu. Lalle ne waɗanda suka yi zaton shi wajibi ne don rayayye yaki gwamnati, kuma ya ga ya aiki na kifar da autocracy, suna tattare a cikin jam'iyyar "Narodnaya Volya". Vera Figner shiga ta kwamitin zartarwa.

A membobin sabuwar jam'iyyar kasance musamman karfi. Da dama mambobin kungiyar tattalin Dynamite, da sauransu sun ɓullo da wani shirin kashe Sarkin sarakuna Alexander II. Vera Figner, photo wanda ya gaya mana game da lafiya da kuma m yarinya, amma ba 'yan ta'adda, an rayayye da hannu a cikin shirye-shiryen da kai hare-hare a cikin Odessa a 1880 da kuma a St. Petersburg a 1881. Da farko, sa hannu da aka ba su shirya ba, amma, kamar yadda ta rubuta, "hawayena tausasa masa yan'uwansu," kuma ta dauki bangare a cikin ta farko harin 'yan ta'adda.

A kisa a balance

All na kungiyar fadi a hannun gudanar da bincike a 1883. Bangaskiya da aka gudanar a sansanin soja da watanni 20 a cikakken kadaici. Sai aka yi kokari da kuma yanke masa hukumcin kisa, wanda aka maye gurbinsu da wani tutur naƙudarta. A Schlusselburg ta shafe shekaru ashirin. A shekara ta 1904, ta aika zuwa Mala'iku, sa'an nan a Kazan lardin. Bayan da canja wuri zuwa Nizhny Novgorod, ta yarda ka bar Rasha, da kuma a 1906 ta tafi mu bi da juyayi tsarin kasashen waje.

A gida kuma, ta koma kawai a 1915, an zabe shi a majalisar da aka kafa , bayan da Fabrairu juyin juya halin. Amma da Oktoba juyin juya halin bai dauki, kuma memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis bai zama. A 1932, da shekara ta eightieth birthday, aka buga da cikakken ayyuka a bakwai kundin, wanda ya zama ta babban opus - labari "The shãfe haske aiki" na Rasha neman sauyi motsi.