Mene ne tsoho al'umma? Rayuwa da al'adu a zamanin d jama'a

Tsufa (daga Latin kalmar ma'ana "tsoho» - antiquus) ya kira wannan zamanin na biyu mai girma wayewar - zamanin tsohuwar Girka da Roma.

periodization na tsufa

Da yake amsa tambayoyi game da abin da tsoho al'umma, wajibi ne a san abin da a zamanin shi wanzu da kuma abin da lokaci raba wannan lokaci.

An kullum yarda da wadannan periodization:

1. Early tsufa - lokacin asalin na Greek jihohi.

2. gargajiya tsufa - lokaci na hadin kai na Roman kuma Greek wayewar.

3. Late tsufa - da breakup na Roman Empire.

Idan akai la'akari da zamanin da jama'a, wajibi ne a yi la'akari da cewa lokacin da firam ne ba zai yiwu ba domin sanin daidai. Greek wayewa predates Roman kuma Eastern Roman Empire wanzu don wani lokaci bayan faduwar yamma. An yi imani da cewa zamanin tsufa - wannan lokaci tare da Sabunta. BC. e. a kan VI. n. e., kafin farkon tsakiyar zamanai.

Fitowan na farko jihohi

A cikin Balkan Larabawa a zamanin da, akwai lokatan da dama m yunkurin kirkiro jihar. Wannan shi ne lokaci na tarihi , a tarihin duniya.

2700-1400 gg. BC. e. - lokacin da Minoan wayewa. Yana wanzu a Karita, kuma yana da wani babban matakin na ci gaba, da kuma al'adu. Yana da aka halaka su da wata halitta bala'i (shigowa, wanda generated wani karfi tsunami) da kuma Greek Achaeans nasara tsibirin.

Around da XVI karni BC Mycenaean wayewa samo asali a cikin Girka. Ta mutu a 1200-1100 BC. e. bayan mamayewa na Dorians. Wannan lokaci ne kuma ake kira da "duhu shekaru daban-daban da Girkanci."

Bayan bacewar na Mycenaean al'ada saurã daga tsufa farko lokacin fara. By lokacin da shi ya yi daidai da karshen da Bronze Age da kuma samuwar farkon aji al'umma.

A Girkanci jihar shi ne na farko wayewa. Yana yana da saiwoyinsa a m al'umma, da kuma kafin shi babu baya kwarewa da statehood. Saboda haka, tsoho jama'a da aka karfi da tasiri da m. Wannan ya bayyana da farko a cikin addini duniya. Mutumin a cikin wannan lokaci da aka dauke a matsayin cibiyar talikai. Saboda haka babban alama na tsufa - aiki hali ga duniya.

Rayuwa a zamanin d jama'a: tsarin da kuma azuzuwan

A farko Greek jihar ci gaba sosai rayayye. Wannan ya taimaka da gwagwarmaya tsakanin manoma da kuma manyan gari, a lokacin da karshen farko kokari ta juya zuwa cikin bashi bauta. A wasu al'adun, shi za a iya yi, amma ba a Greek. A nan, Demos ne ba kawai iya kare su 'yanci, amma kuma yana da wasu hakkokin siyasa. Hakika, wannan ba ya nufin cewa al'umma a zamanin d duniya ba ta san bauta. Kuma zamanin tsohuwar Girka da kuma daga baya Roma sun baiwa jihohi.

Mene ne tsoho al'umma da kuma abin da yake da tsarin? Basic jama'a ilimi, a tarihin duniya ya manufofin, ko birni-jiha. Saboda haka, Company ya ɓullo da shi ne quite daban-daban daga wasu kasashe. Its core al'umma amsa. Kowane mutum na gudanar da matsayi a shi. Shi detects gaban yakin matsayi. A daukacin jama'ar da aka raba uku Categories: cikakkun yan kasa, unequal kuma ance gaskiyar al'amurra. Rundunar matsayi - da babban rabo daga cikin tsoho al'umma. Duk da yake a wasu kasashe na yawan rayu a cikin m tsarin na kadarori, a Girka da Roma, gaban matsayi na wani dan kasa ya fi muhimmanci. Ya bari da Demos kan daidai gabãtarwar da nobility ya dauki bangare a cikin manufofin gwamnati.

Roman na jama'a, a ɗan daban-daban daga Girkanci, kuma yana da da wadannan tsarin:

1. bayi.

2. A free manoma da kuma sana'a. A cikin wannan rukunin na yawan kunshi ginshikan.

3. Yan kasuwa.

4. Soja.

5. The bawa masu. A nan, a farko wuri da shi shi ne, Sanata aji.

Kimiyya da al'adu na zamanin d jama'a

A farko kimiyya da ilmi da aka samu a zamanin da, a cikin jihohin da Gabas. Wannan zamani ne ake kira prednauchnym. A nan gaba, wadannan darussan da aka ɓullo da a zamanin tsohuwar Girka.

A kimiyya na zamanin d al'umma - shi ne fitowan na farko kimiyya theories, asali Concepts, treatises da kuma al'umma. A wannan lokaci, da samuwar da zargin da yawa zamani kimiyyar.

A ta ci gaba, da kimiyya na tsufa zo dogon hanya:

1. An farkon mataki - VII-IV cc. BC Wannan lokaci, da kimiyyar yanayin halitta kuma falsafa. A farko da masana falsafa, masana kimiyya ne yafi sha'awar da matsaloli na dabi'a da kuma search for da muhimman hakkokin manufa dukkan rayuwa.

2. Helenawa mataki - shi ne halin da dismemberment na wani hadade kimiyya a cikin raba yankunan: dabaru, lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi da kuma magani. Wannan lokaci ne da mafi flowering na zamanin d kimiyya. Gina su manyan ayyukan Euclid, Aristotle, Archimedes, Democritus.

3. Roman mataki - wani lokaci na dakushe na zamanin d kimiyya. Daga cikin mafiya muhimmanci nasarorin da wannan lokaci, za ka iya haskaka da ilmin taurari na Talomi.

Babban nasarar da kimiyya na zamanin da ne da samuwar raba kwatance, samar da wani farko terminology da kuma hanyoyin da cognition.

A falsafa na zamanin d al'umma da kuma ta shahara wakilan

Akwai VII-V cc. BC. e. a Girka da aka raba wadannan matakai:

1. Halitta falsafa ko farkon litattafansu. The masana falsafa na cewa lokaci da farko sha'awar tambayoyi na cosmology. Haske wakilan: Thales, Pythagoras, Democritus.

2. Classic - wannan ne heyday na zamanin d falsafa, a lokacin da ya zauna da haske wakilan: Socrates, Plato, Euclid, Aristotle. Ga karo na farko maye gurbin da al'amurran da suka shafi na halitta falsafa zo sha'awa a cikin matsala nagarta da mugunta, xa'a.

3. Falsafa na Hellenism - a wannan lokaci na aiki ci gaban falsafa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Greek malamai. Mafi shahara wakilan: Shenglijia, Lucretius, Cicero, Plutarch. Akwai wurare da dama dake cikin falsafa: shakka, Epicureanism, Platonism da Stoicism.

Tasirin tsufa a kan zamani al'ada

Ancient Girka da Roma poetically kira shimfiɗar jariri, da na zamani na kasar. Lalle ne shĩ, tsoho jama'a ya na da wani babban tasiri a kan ci gaban sauran kasashe da mutanen. Science, wasan kwaikwayo, wasanni, comedy, wasan kwaikwayo, sassaka - ba lissafa duk abin da ya ba da tsoho duniya zuwa zamani mutum. Wannan tasiri ne har yanzu gani a al'ada, harshe da kuma hanyarsa ta rayuwa da yawa Latins da mazaunan Rum yankin.