Yaƙin Amurka da Vietnam: haddasawa. Vietnam: tarihin yaki da Amurka, shekarun da suka lashe

Dalilin dalilai na yaki da Amurka tare da Vietnam ya fara ne gaba daya wajen adawa da tsarin siyasa guda biyu. A cikin ƙasar Asiya, gurguzanci da kuma yammacin mulkin demokra] iyya sun tayar. Wannan rikice-rikiccen wani ɓangaren maganganu ne da yawa a duniya - Yakin Cold.

Abubuwan da ake bukata

A farkon rabin karni na XX, Vietnam, kamar sauran ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asia, wani yanki ne na Faransa. An haramta wannan tsari ta yakin duniya na biyu. Da farko, Japan ta shafe ta, to, akwai magoya bayan kwaminisanci, wadanda suka yi adawa da hukumomin Faransa na mulkin mallaka. Wadannan magoya bayan 'yancin kai na kasa sun sami goyon baya mai tsanani daga kasar Sin. Dama bayan yakin duniya na biyu, an kafa ikon Ikon kwaminisanci.

Bayan da ya bar Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Gabas, Faransanci ya amince da gwamnatin Kudancin Vietnam ta zama 'yanci. Arewacin kasar yana ƙarƙashin ikon 'yan gurguzu. A shekara ta 1957, wani rikici na gida ya fara tsakanin gwamnatocin biyu. Wannan ba yakin Amurka ba ne da Vietnam, amma a wannan lokacin ne Amurka ta shiga a karo na farko a halin da ake ciki a yankin.

A sa'an nan a rufinta ya da Cold War. Duk wani gwamnatin fadar White House a kowace hanya ta tsaya tsayayya da kafa tsarin mulkin gurguzu na gaba a kowace kasa a duniya, ko tallafawa da kungiyar ta USSR ko China. A karkashin shugabancin Eisenhower, jama'ar Amirka sun bayyana cewa, Firayim Ministan kasar Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem ne, duk da cewa ba su yi amfani dasu ba.

Samun yakin

Shugaban kungiyar Kwaminisancin Vietnam ne Ho Chi Minh. Ya shirya NLF - National Liberation Front of Kudu Vietnam. A Yammaci, wannan kungiya ta zama sanannun da ake kira Viet Nam. Magoya bayan na Ho Shi Mina kulla wata nasara yaƙin basasa. Sun shirya ayyukan ta'addanci kuma ba su daina hutawa ga sojojin gwamnati. A ƙarshen 1961, jama'ar Amirka sun gabatar da dakarun farko zuwa Vietnam. Duk da haka, waɗannan haɗin sun kasance ƙananan. Da farko, a Birnin Washington, sun yanke shawarar da kansu su aika da sakonni da kuma kwararru zuwa Saigon.

A hankali, halin da Zem yake ciki ya ci gaba. A karkashin wadannan yanayi, yakin da ke tsakanin Amurka da Vietnam ya zama wanda babu makawa. A shekara ta 1953, an kori Ziem da kashe shi saboda sakamakon juyin mulki na Kudancin Vietnam. A cikin watanni masu zuwa, ikon Saigon ya canza saurin sau da yawa. 'Yan tawaye sunyi amfani da rauni na abokan gaba kuma sun mallaki dukkanin yankuna na kasar.

Ƙungiyoyin farko

A watan Agustan 1964, yakin da ke tsakanin Amurka da Vietnam ya zama mafi kusa da wannan tsari bayan yakin da ake yi a Gulf of Tonkin, inda magungunan Amurka da Maddox da kuma wasu jirgi na NPOUV suka yi nasara. Dangane da wannan taron, Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta amince da shugaban kasar Lindon Johnson da ya kaddamar da cikakken aiki a yankin kudu maso gabashin Asia.

Shugaban kasa na dan lokaci ya bi tafarkin zaman lafiya. Ya yi haka ne a tsakar ranar zaben na 1964. Johnson ya lashe wannan gwagwarmaya daidai saboda maganganun zaman lafiya, kishiyar ra'ayoyin "hawk" na Barry Goldwater. Da ya isa fadar White House, dan siyasa ya canza tunaninsa ya ci gaba da shirya aikin.

A halin yanzu, jama'ar Viet Nam sun kama dukan yankunan karkara. Har ma sun fara kai hare-hare ga wuraren da Amurka ke kudancin kasar. Yawan masu ba da hidimomin Amurka a ranar jumma'a daga cikin matakan da aka samu a cikin sojoji kimanin dubu 23 ne. A karshe, Johnson ya yanke shawarar shiga Vietnam bayan harin da aka kai a kasar Amurka a Pleiku.

Shigar da sojojin

Ranar da yakin Amurka da Vietnam suka fara ne ranar 2 ga Maris 1965. A wannan rana, rundunar Sojin Amurka ta kaddamar da Operation Thunder Rumble - bama-bamai na Arewacin Vietnam na yau da kullum. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayanan sai Marin Amurka ya sauka a kudancin kasar. Halinsa ya haifar da buƙata ta kare kariya mai kyau na Danang.

Yanzu ba kawai yakin basasa ne na Vietnam ba, amma yakin Amurka da Vietnam. Yawan shekarun yakin (1965-1973) ana daukar su ne mafi girman tashin hankali a yankin. Tuni a cikin watanni takwas bayan farkon mamayewa a Vietnam akwai sojoji fiye da 180,000. A daidai lokacin da ake fuskantar rikici, wannan adadi ya karu sau uku.

A watan Agustan 1965, yaƙin farko na farko na yaƙin Viet Nam tare da sojojin kasar Amurka. An Operation Starlight. Rikicin ya tashi. Wannan yanayin ya ci gaba a cikin wannan lokacin, lokacin da dukan duniya suka tashi da labarin labarin yaƙin da ke cikin garuruwan Ya Drang.

"Nemi kuma hallaka"

Na farko shekaru hudu na sa baki har zuwa karshen 1969, sojojin Amurka sun jawo mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunan aiki a kudancin Vietnam. Rundunar sojin Amurka ta kasance daidai da ka'idar "ganowa da hallaka", ta yadda William-Westmoreland ya jagoranci. Hanyoyi na Amirka sun raba yankin ƙasar Kudancin Vietnam zuwa kashi hudu, wanda ya karbi sunaye.

A cikin farko na wadannan yankuna, da ke kusa da dukiyar mallakar 'yan gurguzu, kamfanin na Marine Corps yayi aiki. An yi yakin tsakanin Amurka da Vietnam kamar haka. Rundunar sojin Amurka ta shiga cikin ƙuƙumma uku (Fubay, Danang da Chulay), bayan haka sai ya fara tsabtace wuraren da ke kewaye. Wannan aikin ya ɗauki shekarar 1966. A tsawon lokaci, yakin da aka yi a yanzu ya zama da wuya. Da farko dai, sojojin NFLF sun yi nasara da Amurkawa. Amma sai manyan sojojin wannan jiha sun jira su a yankin Arewacin Vietnam kanta.

Babban ciwon kai ga Amurkan shi ne DMZ (yankin rushewa). Ta hanyar ta, Vietcongs sun aika da yawan mutane da kayan aiki a kudancin kasar. Saboda wannan, Marine Corps ta, a gefe guda, don haɗa ɗakunansu a kan tekun, da kuma a daya - don hana magoya baya a yankin DMZ. A lokacin rani na 1966, an gudanar da aikin Hastings a yankin da aka rushe. Manufarta ita ce ta dakatar da canja wurin sojojin zuwa NLF. A nan gaba, Marines suna mayar da hankali kan DMZ, suna canza yankin zuwa kula da sababbin sojojin Amurka. Ƙungiyar nan ta karu ba tare da tsayawa ba. A shekara ta 1967, a Kudancin Vietnam, an kafa Jamhuriyar Jakadancin Amurka ta 23, wanda ya fadi bayan an kayar da Reich a Turai.

War a cikin duwãtsu

Ƙungiyar Yanki ta II ta shafi yankunan tsaunuka da ke kusa da kan iyakar Laos. Ta hanyar wadannan yankuna, Viet Nam ya shiga yankunan bakin teku. A shekarar 1965, ƙungiyar 1st Cavalry Division ta fara a cikin tsaunukan Annam. A cikin yankin Ya-Drang, ta dakatar da mummunan sojojin Arewacin Vietnam.

A karshen 1966, Ƙungiyar Runduna ta 4 na Amurka ta shiga cikin duwatsu (Shahararrun Cavalry na farko ya koma lardin Bindan). An tallafa wa mutanen Koriya ta Koriya, wadanda suka isa Vietnam. Yakin da Amirka, dalilin da ya sa rashin jin daɗin ƙasashen yammacin Turai ya jure wa fadada kwaminisanci, ya shawo kan 'yan uwansu Asiya. Koriya ta Koriya a cikin shekarun 1950 ta sami kwarewa ta fuska tare da Koriya ta Arewa, kuma yawanta sun fahimci farashin wannan rikici fiye da sauran.

Ƙaddamar da tashin hankali a cikin yankin na biyu na ƙungiyar Dakto a watan Nuwambar 1967. {Asar Amirka na iya magance matsalolin {asar Vietko, a tsada. Kamfanin dillancin labarum na 173 na Airborne Brigade ya dauki mafi girma.

Ayyukan Guerrilla

Halin da aka yi a tsakanin Amurka da Vietnam na shekaru ba zai iya dakatarwa ba saboda yakin guerrilla. Rundunar budurwa ta Virginia ta kai farmaki ga dukiyar abokan gaba da kuma ɓoye a cikin rainforests ba tare da hana shi ba. Babban aikin da Amurkawa ke yi wajen yaki da mayakan ya kare shi daga abokan gaba. A cikin larduna kusa da birnin, an kafa sassan na III rukuni.

Bugu da ƙari, ga Kudancin Koriya, 'yan'uwan Amurka a Vietnam sune' yan Australia. Rundunar soji na wannan kasa ta kasance a lardin Fuoktui. A nan ita ce hanya mafi mahimmanci ta hanyar hanya 13, wadda ta fara a Saigon, ta ƙare a kan iyakar da Cambodia.

Daga bisani, an gudanar da manyan ayyuka a Vietnam ta Kudu: Attleborough, Junction City da Cedar Falls. Duk da haka, yaki ya ci gaba. Its main yankin da aka yankin Neja Delta na Mekong River. Wannan yanki ya cika da kyawawan ruwa, gandun daji da canals. Halin halayensa, ko da a lokacin tashin hankali, ya kasance yawancin yawan mutane. Godiya ga dukkanin wadannan yanayi, yakin basasa ya cigaba da dadewa da nasara. {Asar Amirka da kuma Vietnam, a takaice, sun zauna fiye da tunanin da aka yi a Birnin Washington.

Sabuwar Sabuwar Shekara

A farkon shekarun 1968, Arewacin Vietnam ya fara samo asali na asusun Amurka Marine Corps Kheshan. Ta haka ne ya fara Tete m. Ya sami sunansa daga Sabuwar Shekara ta gida. Yawanci a cikin Tet karɓuwa da rikici ya rage. A wannan lokacin duk abin ya bambanta - mugunta ya shafe dukan Vietnam. Yakin da Amurka, wanda dalilin hakan ya faru ne game da tsarin siyasa guda biyu, ba zai iya ƙare ba har sai bangarorin biyu sun gaza albarkatun su. Bayan da aka kaddamar da hare-hare a kan makamai, Viet Nam ya yi kusan kusan dukkanin dakarun da ke da shi.

Yawan garuruwa masu yawa, ciki har da Saigon, sun kai hari. Duk da haka, 'yan Kwaminisanci sun mallaki kawai Hue - daya daga cikin tsoffin' yan asalin ƙasar. A wasu wurare, an samu nasarar kai hare hare. Ya zuwa watan Maris, an gama yin hakan. Bai taba cimma babban aikinsa ba: kawar da gwamnatin Kudancin Vietnam. Bugu da ƙari kuma, 'yan Amurkan sun buge Hue. Yaƙin ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi tsananin zafi a lokacin yakin. Vietnam da Amurka, duk da haka, sun ci gaba da zub da jini. Kodayake wannan mummunan mummunan ya ɓace, yana da tasirin gaske game da halayyar jama'ar Amirka.

A {asar Amirka, wa] ansu 'yan Kwaminisanci sun yi la'akari da cewa, wani rauni ne na {asar Amirka. Babban rawar da aka taka wajen tsara ra'ayi na jama'a ya buga shi. Sun mayar da hankali sosai ga kewaye da Kheshani. Jaridu sun soki gwamnati game da babbar kashewar da ake yi a kan yaki mai ma'ana.

A halin yanzu, a cikin bazara na 1968, rikice-rikicen Amurkawa da abokansu suka fara. Don nasarar kammala aikin, sojojin sun nemi Washington ta tura sojoji fiye da 200 zuwa Vietnam. Shugaban kasar Lyndon Johnson bai yi kuskure ya dauki mataki ba. Harkokin 'yan ta'addanci a {asar Amirka ya zama wani abu mai mahimmanci a cikin harkokin gida. A sakamakon haka ne, ƙananan ƙarfafawa ne suka tafi Vietnam, kuma a ƙarshen Maris Johnson ya sanar da ƙarshen harin bam a arewacin kasar.

Vietnamisation

Komai tsawon lokacin yaki da Amurka da Vietnam, ranar da aka janye dakarun Amurka ba ta kusanci ba. A karshen shekarar 1968, ya lashe zaben shugaban kasar Richard Nikson. Ya yi yunkuri a karkashin maganganu na yaki da yaki kuma ya bayyana sha'awarsa don kammala "zaman lafiya mai daraja." Dangane da wannan batu, magoya bayan 'yan kwaminisanci a Vietnam sun fara kai hare-hare kan asibitoci da matsayi na Amurka don gaggauta janye sojojin Amurka daga kasarsu.

A shekara ta 1969, gwamnatin Nixon ta tsara tsarin tsarin manufofin Vietnamese. Ya maye gurbin rukunan "ganowa da hallaka." Dalilin haka shi ne cewa kafin barin ƙasar, Amirkawa sun bukaci canja wurin iko a kan matsayinsu ga gwamnati a Saigon. Matakai a cikin wannan jagora sun fara ne akan yanayin baya na Tete na biyu. Ya sake kewaye da dukan Kudancin Vietnam.

Tarihin yaki da Amurka zai iya bunkasa daban-daban idan masu kwaminisanci basu da tushe a Cambodia makwabta. A cikin wannan kasa, da kuma a Vietnam, akwai rikice-rikice tsakanin 'yan magoya bayan siyasa biyu. A cikin bazarar 1970, ikon Cambodia, sakamakon juyin mulki, ya kama wani jami'in tsaro na Lon Nol wanda ya kayar da Sarkin Norodom Sihanouk. Sabuwar gwamnatin ta canza dabi'u ga 'yan ta'addancin' yan gurguzu kuma suka fara lalata gidajensu a cikin birane. Ba a gamsu da hare-haren da ake yi a baya na Vietnam ta arewacin Viet Nam na mamaye Cambodiya. Don taimakawa Lon Nol a kasar, ma, Amurkawa da abokansu sun gudu. Wadannan abubuwan sun hada da wutar lantarki na yaki da antiwar a Amurka. Bayan watanni biyu, a karkashin matsin lambar yawan marasa jin daɗi, Nixon ta umarci janye sojojin daga Kambodiya.

Yakin Ƙarshe

Yawancin rikice-rikice na Cold War a kasashe uku na duniya ya ƙare tare da kafa gwamnatocin kwaminisanci a can. Ba wani batu ba ne kuma yaƙin Amurka da Vietnam. Wa ya lashe wannan yakin? Viet Cong. Bayan karshen yakin, halayyar sojojin Amurka sun faɗi sosai. Yin amfani da kwayar cutar ta yada cikin sojojin. A shekarar 1971, 'yan Amurkan sun dakatar da ayyukansu kuma sun fara janye sojojin.

Bisa ga manufofin Vietnamanci, alhakin abin da ke faruwa a kasar ya fadi a kafafen gwamnati a Saigon - a watan Fabrairun 1971 sojojin Soviet ta Kudu sun kaddamar da Operation Lam Sean 719. Manufarta ita ce ta hana karbar sojoji da makamai masu linzami akan 'yan gudun hijiran "Ho Chi Minh". Abin lura ne cewa Amirkawa ba su shiga ciki ba.

A cikin watan Maris 1972, sojojin Arewacin Arewa suka kaddamar da wani sabon mummunar mummunar mummunar mummunar tashin hankali na Easter. A wannan lokacin, daruruwan tankuna sun taimaka wa sojojin 125,000-makamai waɗanda NEFUV baya da su. Amirkawa ba su shiga cikin fadace-fadace ba, amma sun taimaka wa Kudancin Vietnam daga iska. Abin godiya ne ga wannan goyon bayan da aka sa a kai hari ga 'yan Kwaminisanci. Don haka daga lokaci zuwa lokaci yaki na Amurka da Vietnam ba zai iya dakatarwa ba. Bugu da ƙari, kamuwa da cututtuka da matsalolin kirkiro a Amurka.

A 1972, wakilan Arewacin Vietnam da Amurka sun fara tattaunawa a Paris. Ƙungiyoyin kusan sun kai yarjejeniya. Duk da haka, a karshe, shugaban Kudancin Vietnam, Thieu, ya shiga. Ya rinjayi Amurkawa don nuna abokan gaba a yanayin da ba a yarda ba. A sakamakon haka, tattaunawar ta karya.

Ƙarshen yakin

A karshe Amurka da gudanar da Vietnam da aka jerin kafet harin bom na Arewa Vietnam a karshen Disamba 1972. An san ta da "Linebacker". Har ila yau, aikin ya sanya sunan "Bombe na Kirsimeti". Sun kasance mafi girma a lokacin yakin.

An fara aiki ne a karkashin umarnin Nixon. Shugaban ya so ya kawo karshen yakin a wuri-wuri kuma ya yanke shawarar matsa lamba ga 'yan gurguzu. Bombing shafi Hanoi da sauran manyan birane a arewacin kasar. Lokacin da ya ƙare da Vietnam War tare da Amurka, ya bayyana cewa shi ne "Linebacker" tilasta jam'iyyun cike da rata a karshe tattaunawar.

Sojojin Amurka sun bar Vietnam gaba daya bisa ga yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya na Paris, wanda aka sanya hannu ranar 27 ga watan Janairun 1973. A wannan rana a kasar akwai kusan kimanin mutane 24 na Amirka. Rashin janye sojojin ya ƙare Maris 29.

Har ila yau, yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta nuna mahimmancin wani armistice, tsakanin sassa biyu na {asar Vietnam. A gaskiya, wannan bai faru ba. Ba tare da Amurkawa ba, Kudancin Vietnam ba ta da kariya ga 'yan Kwaminisanci kuma sun rasa yakin, ko da yake a farkon 1973 har ma yana da karfin kundin tsarin soja. A tsawon lokaci, Amurka ta daina bayar da taimakon tattalin arziki ga Saigon. A cikin Afrilu 1975, 'yan kwaminisanci sun kafa ikon su a kan duk ƙasar Vietnam. Ta haka ne ya kawo karshen rikice-rikice a cikin ƙasar Asiya.

Wataƙila Amurka za ta ci nasara da abokan gaba, amma ra'ayoyin jama'a sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a Amurka, wadda ba ta son yakin Amurka da Vietnam (an kawo karshen yakin na shekaru masu yawa). Abubuwan da suka faru a cikin wannan yakin ya bar wata muhimmiyar alama a kan al'adun gargajiya na rabi na biyu na karni na 20. A lokacin yakin, an kashe kimanin mutane 58,000 na Amurka.