Tsunanin kankara na nukiliya "Arctic": bayanin da hoto. Masu wankewar zamani na "Arctic"

Zai yiwu, babu wani labari a tarihi na tsohuwar Soviet Union wanda ya fi farin ciki da ban mamaki fiye da ci gaban Far North. Bukatar wannan shine na farko: a wa annan yankuna akwai babban adadin ma'adanai, wanda masana'antu na matashi ke bukata. Bugu da ƙari, masana kimiyya sun buƙaci bayanai game da waɗannan wurare, tun da sun ba mu izini muyi la'akari da matakai na ci gaban dukan duniya.

A takaice dai, ya zama dole don samun hanyar zuwa. A cikin yanayin yanayi mai tsanani da rashin daidaituwa, mafi kyawun bayani shine amfani da hanyoyi na teku, kawai lokacin kewayawa a wa annan yankuna yana da takaice. Hadarin da ake kamawa a cikin kankara yana da kyau.

Wannan shi ne lokacin da shahararrun Soviet kankara-jirgin ruwa fasinjoji ya bayyana a duk faɗin duniya. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi muhimmancin wakilansa shi ne mashin gilashin "Arctic", wanda tarihin shi ne batun wannan labarin. Wannan jirgin yana da mahimmanci da za ku iya ba da cikakken littafi mai kyau! Idan kun karanta labarin, kun yarda da mu a wannan.

Binciken fasaha na taƙaitaccen bayani

Jirgin yana da matukar girma kuma yana da bangarori daban-daban, kwalluna hudu da ɗakoki biyu. Don sakawa da iko da ma'aikatan kundin kayan aiki an yi amfani da ɗakunan katako guda biyar. Babban jirgin ruwa yana ƙuƙule ta uku (kowannensu yana da ƙuƙwalwa huɗu). A tsakiyar ɓangare na icebreaker ne a tururi inji mai farfela, tururi da aka samar domin wanda amfani da makaman nukiliya reactor. Don samar da wannan karshen, dukkanin abubuwan da suka shafi abubuwan da suka faru da masana'antun Nukiliya ta Tarayyar Soviet sun tara ta hanyar wannan lokacin.

A siffa daga cikin dukan tsarin jiki da aka yi da bakin karfe gami. Ka yi tunanin: dukkanin babban gini an yi shi ne mai mahimmanci mai kayatarwa! A wa] annan wurare da ake yin aiki a matsin lamba na kankara, an ba da kariya, abin da ake kira belin kankara, wanda shine ƙarfafa ginin ta hanyar gina ginin maɓallin jirgin ruwan.

Sauran tsarin jiragen ruwa

Wani muhimmin mahimmanci wanda ɓangaren mahaɗan "Arctic" ya bambanta shi ne tsarin haɓaka da juyawa. Don tayarwa, wanda sau da yawa ya kamata ma'aikatan jirgi ya yi, an kafa tudun dandalin motsa jiki, wanda yake tsaye a gefen jirgin. Akwai kuma wani helipad. A matsayinka na mulkin, an yi amfani da Mi-8 a cikin yakin, wanda ba shi da muhimmanci don bincike da dogon lokaci da kuma gano jiragen da aka makale a kankara.

Wani muhimmin fasali na jirgin ruwa shine mafi kyau a lokuta ta atomatik, godiya ga abin da na'urar nukiliya zai iya aiki na dogon lokaci a cikin yanayin da ke da cikakkun yanayin, ba tare da buƙata mai saurin aiki ba. An kuma shigar da na'urori masu auna sigina a cikin yanayin motar motsa jiki, a cikin tashar wutar lantarki, har ma a cikin maɓuɓɓuka masu mahimmanci. An gudanar da aikin kula da wutar lantarki ta tsakiya daga cibiyar zartarwar, wanda shine katako.

An samo shi a saman saman babban ɗakin katako, tun da wannan matsayi yana samar da mafi mahimmanci ra'ayi. Girman tamanin yana kusa da mita biyar, ya miƙa tsawon mita 30. Ganuwar da ke gefen gefen da ke gefen gefen ɗakin da ke kusa da shi an rufe shi ne gaba ɗaya. M kamar yadda ya iya ze, jerin kayan aiki a ciki yana da kyau sosai.

Saboda haka, a cikin dakin akwai uku da cikakken m kula da panel, wanda yana rike da su iko da shugabanci na motsi na jirgin, kazalika da Manuniya nuna matsayi na matsayi na duk da propellers da rada. Akwai makullin don bada siginar sauti na gargadi, na'urar da za a kunna maɓallin kwashe kayan kwalliya. Tashar ta kammala ta ɗakunan kewayawa, hello, ɗakunan ginin masana'antu da sonar.

Ƙarfin kisa - 55 MW, gudun hijira shine ton 23,000. Canje-canjen (a cikin yanayin da ya dace) zai iya kai kimanin 18 knots, tsawon lokaci cikakkiyar kewayawa shi ne watanni bakwai.

Tarihin halitta

Gishiri mai suna "Arktika", wanda shine babban jirgin aikin 10520, an kwantar da shi a 1971 a kan gindi na Baltic Shipyard. A karo na farko a cikin tarihin Soviet, 'yan kwangilar da ke gaba da mutane 150 ba kawai sun shiga cikin ginin jirgin ba, amma kuma suna iya bayar da shawarwari yayin tsara shi. Wannan aikin ya ba da damar dattawan su gane sabon fasaha a lokacin rikodin. Jakadan Yu Yu Salihu ya jagoranci tawagar.

Ya kasance babban kyaftin kyaftin din, wanda ya gudana a kan nau'o'in icebreakers na tsawon shekaru talatin. Tuni a ƙarshen Disamba 1972 an kaddamar da jirgin, wanda shine cikakken lokacin rikodi don gina irin wannan.

Tsaron amfani da yanayin

A Tarayyar Soviet, gwamnatin kusan nan da nan, an yanke shawarar cewa icebreaker "Arktika" za suna da fasaha damar da za a yi amfani da matsayin mai iko jirgin ruwa na soja Coast Guard. Don cimma wannan, ya zama dole don shigar da sabbin manyan makamai masu linzami, na'urori don yin amfani da kayan aiki, da wasu kayan aikin radar na soja. "Matsayin da ya rage" ya haɗa da gwaji a yanayin da ke kusa da fama.

Bayan haka dole ne a cire duk kayan aikin soja da kiyaye su. A cikin jirgi an shirya shi don barin wasu makaman da suka fi dacewa da makaman da ake buƙata a lokacin yaki, kiyaye shi a hanya ta musamman (tare da adana yiwuwar ta ba da jimawa ba da kuma kawo shi cikin matsin rikici).

Bisa ga mahimmanci, idan kayi la'akari da samfurin samfurin mai laushi "Arctic", zaku iya ganin a cikin jerin abubuwan da ke cikin jirgin ruwa. Ga Harkokin Harkokin {asashen Wajen Amirka, irin wannan tashin hankali ba wani sabon abu ba ne, domin kasar ta tuna da irin abubuwan da suka faru a shekarun 1940.

Yaya aka samu irin wannan tashar jirgi?

Na dogon lokaci masu zanen kaya sunyi tunani game da yadda za'a kauce wa jinkirin jinkiri a gina jirgin. A saboda wannan dalili, an kafa hedkwatar shinge na musamman, wanda aka gudanar karkashin jagorancin Victor Nilovich Shershnev. Ya yanke shawarar: yayi dukkan gwaje-gwaje a cikin teku, ba tare da kira a tashar jiragen ruwa ba, a lokaci guda.

A cikin jirgin an shirya shi ne don ya dauki dukkanin ma'aikatan soji, da kuma wani yanki wanda ke da alhakin ƙananan makamai da bindigogi. Nan da nan ma'aikatan sun kai ga mutane 700, yayin da a cikin tsari na al'ada babu kujeru 150 a kan jirgin.

Masu zane da wakilan abokin ciniki sunyi aiki sosai don sauke duk ma'aikata da ake buƙata, ba tare da wani laifi ba. Ya ɗauki kwanaki hudu don zama a Leningrad saboda wannan. A wannan lokacin, matakin ruwa ya faɗo a ƙasa da ƙananan talakawa, yayin da ya rabu da jirgi ya zama dole ya wuce shi ta 30-40 centimeters!

Ƙarshen jiragen ruwa na gwajin gwaji

An kawar da matsalolin, idan dai saboda babu wanda zai sa ran jira: dukkan ma'aikata suna cikin farkawa, suna rayuwa a kan jirgin. Sun gabatar da jerin jiragen ruwa, an kawo jirgin a cikin teku. A tsakiyar Disamba 1974 a Moscow da Leningrad, an yarda da rahotannin radiogram na gajere da raguwa: "An gama aikin." Daga bisani sun zarge cewa Kuchiev ya zarce Kaisar: don haka yayi bayani akan taƙaice gwajin gwagwarmayar teku na jirgin ruwa mai rikitarwa!

An yi amfani da daruruwan bada shawarwari don inganta yanayin hawan gilashi, wanda mafi yawansu sun cika ta hanyar masu zanen "hot on the trail". A cikin Afrilu 1975, farkon mafita mai tsanani zuwa teku ya faru. Wannan ya nuna cewa mai laushi "Arctic", wanda hoto yake a cikin labarin, ya cika dukkan bukatun da aka tsara a tsarin zane da zane.

Tuni a kan Afrilu 25, 1975, lokacin da jirgin ya kasance a kan iyakar tashar jiragen ruwa na Tallinn, an kafa flag na USSR a kai. A ƙarshe, sun sanya hannu a kan wani aiki a kan canja wurin dukiya zuwa ga jirgin ruwa, bayan haka ne farkon sashin gishiri mai suna "Arctic" ya tafi madaidaici zuwa Murmansk, wanda ke dauke da tashar jiragensa. Ya kasance babbar nasara ga masana kimiyya da tsaro na babbar ƙasa.

Bugu da ƙari ga dubban da suka shiga cikin ginin, fiye da 350 (!) Cibiyoyin kimiyya, tsaro, masana kimiyya da kuma nazarin halittu, hukumomi masu bincike, wuraren bincike a ko'ina cikin ƙasar sun shiga cikin zane da gwaji.

Bayyanawa kan hanya ta Arewa

Kamar yadda farkon farkon 1975, kafin a yarda da hukuma, mai walƙiya "Arktika" (hoton sama) yana da hanyoyi tare da Hanyar Kudancin Yankin "Admiral Makarov" (diesel lantarki). Tuni a farkon shekara ta gaba, ya kama irin wannan jirgin "Ermak" daga ruwan sama kuma ya ajiye jirgin ruwa mai kwalliya "Captain Myshevsky" daga wani mutuwar.

Wannan shi ne "Arctic" wanda ya taimaka wajen ceton shingen Leningrad tare da jirgin ruwa Chelyuskin. Kyaftin mai kyauta ya kira wannan biki a lokacin sa'a na sabuwar jirgi, tun da kawai saboda wadannan lokuta guda hudu za'a iya gina shi.

Shekaru biyu kawai na irin wannan aiki ya tabbatar da cewa rundunar Soviet ta hada da wata alama ce mai ban mamaki, watau Arktika na makaman nukiliya. Misalinsa a cikin waɗannan shekarun an dauke shi da ganimar da duk wani dan Soviet ya samu. Kuma ba mamaki, kana bukatar ka ce! An nuna shi ba kawai da amincin nukiliya da sauran wurare ba, har ma da kyakkyawan tabbaci na jirgin. Duk da haka, kyaftin Captain Kuchiev ya san cewa "ofishinsa" yana iya samun ƙarin, sabili da haka yana buƙatar shirye-shiryen wani yakin arewaci mai nisa. Ba da daɗewa ba an ji buƙatunsa na ci gaba. Ƙungiyar ta fara shirya don tafiya mai tsawo.

Afrilu 1977, gwajin gwaji zuwa Yamal

A shekara ta 1976 jirgin ya bar tashar jiragen ruwa na Murmansk, tare da tafiya ta cikin ruwa a cikin jirgin "Pavel Ponomarev". Shigo da ke kai kusan kusan dubu hudu na abinci da kayayyakin gida. Ba da nisa ba daga Kharasavej ta umarni ba tare da wani matsala ba zai iya kwashe kayan aiki don tsabtace tsawa, bayan haka an kawo su a bakin teku. Dukansu jiragen ruwa sun sauka a kan hanyar dawowa, zuwa ga tashar jiragen ruwa na Murmansk.

Ƙwarewar ta nuna cewa Kuchiev yana da cikakkiyar dama a cikin mafi yawan ƙididdigarsa na halayen jirgin, don haka a shekarar 1977, an tsara makirci mafi mahimmanci da yawa. Yanzu ya kamata a yi jiragen sama zuwa Yamal. A wannan lokacin kungiyar ba kawai ta fara gishiri a Arctic ba, har ma da jirgin na "Murmansk" irin wannan, da kuma jiragen ruwa guda uku.

"Ayyukan al'ajabi a kan"

A farkon 1977 da ăyari da lafiya ya sauka daga Murmansk, kuma bayan haka, bayan kwanaki hudu, kusata Kharasavey. Bayan mako guda, kotu ta zauna a kan hanya ta baya. A cikin Barents Sea, an aika da wani daga cikin ma'aikatan sufuri zuwa Murmansk karkashin ikonsa, inda, a lokacin da ya dawo, ya tashi tsaye don yin aiki. A halin yanzu, kamfanonin kankara sun ɗauki ɗakin jirgi guda daya, sa'an nan kuma suka sake gudanar da ita tare da wannan hanya. Bayan kwana biyu, an sake maimaita wannan tsari.

Duk wadanda suka halarci wannan yakin sun amince da cewa katse-gine Arktika, wanda aka gabatar da nauyin fasaha a cikin labarin, ya aikata alamu na ainihi, watsar da kullun mai girma.

Masu bi

Kuma yanzu bari mu bada cikakken jerin dukkan jiragen ruwa da aka gina a karkashin aikin 10520:

• "Arctic".
• "Siberia".
• "Rasha".
• "Ƙasar Soviet."
• "Yamal".
• "Shekaru 50 na Nasara".

Ya kamata a lura cewa a karshe ne aka ba da izinin "Arctic" na karshe (sabuwar shekara "50 Shekaru na Nasara") a 2007, kodayake kaddamar da shi ya sake komawa a 1993. Dalilin shi ne banal - jagorancin sabuwar kasar yana da rashin kuɗi .

Tun daga 2000s, wani yawon shakatawa zuwa Arctic a kan gilashin kankara yana samuwa ga duk wanda yake so (akwai kudi). Saboda haka, an tattara yawan kudaden da ake bukata don kammalawa ƙarshe, kuma an gina gine-gine na tsawon lokaci a cikin rundunar jiragen ruwa na Rasha.

Sabuwar lokacin

A shekarar 1999, "tsohon mutum" ya yi aikin shekaru 25, bayan ya yi tafiya ta Arewacin Rojin fiye da motoci dubu uku, a cikin garuruwan da ba a kawo nauyin mota miliyan daya ba. Amma hanyar wanda ba a san ba, bai kammala ba, yana jiran wani sabon rikodin. Daga May zuwa May, daga 1999 zuwa 2000, jirgin ya dauki tasoshin jirgin 110 a cikin Arctic Ocean. Daga cikin miliyoyin kilomita dubu 50 kimanin jirgin ruwa 32,000 sun wuce ba tare da raunuka ba. Kyakkyawan kyau ga "dinosaur" mai shekaru 25, wanda yayi aiki a duk rayuwansa a cikin yanayin da ba shi da mawuyacin hali!

Yaya aka kamata a yi amfani da kankarar "Arktika" da wannan lokaci? Gidan kayan gargajiya ko janyo hankulan masu yawon shakatawa masu arziki, waɗanda wadanda ba su da kwarewa ba daidai ba ne! Yana da kyau a ce cewa jirgin farko na Project 10520 a shekarar 2008 ya zama gidan kayan gargajiya, amma ana kiyaye cikakken tarihinsa. A kan waɗannan tasoshin aikin, wanda har yanzu yana aiki a yau, za ku iya yin zagaye a kan gishiri akan Arctic. Bugawa na masu yawon bude ido da suka kasance a can, ba abin yiwuwa ba ne a cikin kalmomi. Abin farin ciki indescribable!

Tsaro na rayuwar sabis

Nukiliya icebreaker zama real bincike ƙasa. Masu jirgin ruwa sun tabbatar da masana kimiyya cewa ikon wutar lantarki na iya aiki na dogon lokaci fiye da lokacin da aka ba shi. A tsakiyar shekara ta 2000, babban lokacin aiki na dukkanin tsarin da kayan aiki na jirgin ya riga ya kusan kimanin sa'o'i 146,000. Ganin wannan duka, masana kimiyya da masu zane-zane sun yanke shawarar cewa za a iya samar da kayan aiki na "Arctic" a cikin sa'o'i kimanin 175,000, kuma sauran jiragen ruwa na aikin zasu yi aiki har sai sun isa aiki na dubu 150.

Harshen wannan aikin ya yiwu ya gudanar da daruruwan dubban gwaje-gwajen, ya yi aiki da ƙananan hadaddun kayan aiki da radar na Amurka da Rasha, masana kimiyya na nukiliya sun tattara bayanai mai mahimmanci game da yin amfani da wutar lantarki ta wutar lantarki a cikin yanayi mai tsanani. Muhimmancin makamin nukiliya Arktika (hotuna da aka gabatar a cikin labarin) yana da wuyar samun karimci.