Masu shiga na Uku Crusade, manufa, sakamakon

Crusades a matsayin soja-addini wani abu ya tashi a lokacin mulkin Roman Paparoma Gregory na bakwai da kuma nufin da 'yanci daga "kãfirai" na Falasdinu da Urushalima, inda akwatin alkawarin Ubangiji yake, da kuma yada Kristanci ta hanyar soja yana nufin a tsakanin mabiya, Musulmi, mazaunan Orthodox jihohin da ƙungiyoyi na asiri . A cikin ƙarni na gaba, an yi amfani da murkushewa domin kare Krista na al'ummar Baltic, kawar da bayyanar da ke nunawa a wasu ƙasashen Turai ko don magance wasu ayyuka na sirri na mutanen da suka hau kursiyin a cikin Vatican.

A cikin duka akwai yakin basasa tara. Don gurin da babban mahalarta a cikin Uku jihadi? Table wajen nuna abin da suke siffantawa da wani yakin neman kayyade kamar haka:

Wane ne ya tafi cikin makamai?

Masu halartar taron na Crusade na Uku a cikin abin da suke da shi ba su da bambanci da wadanda suka shiga cikin irin waɗannan ayyuka kafin. Alal misali, manyan 'yan Faransa da yawa, wadanda suka kasance tare da dakarun kansu na Dipzamium da sauran' yan majalisa da kuma garuruwan da suke tare da su (akwai wasu yara da suka shirya su shiga "waɗanda suka kafirta" a cikin sunan labaran da Paparoma yayi alkawurra daga dukan zunubai) ya zo Constantinople a hanyoyi daban-daban A cikin 1097 Bosporus ya ƙetare.

Sakamakon 'yan Salibiyya 300,000 sun shiga cikin wannan yakin

Yawan adadin masu zanga-zanga sun kai kimanin kashi uku na mutane miliyan. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, suka yi yaƙi da hanyarsu zuwa Urushalima, suna kashe manyan ɓangaren Musulmin da suka rayu a nan. Bayan haka, mayaƙan da rundunansu sun yi yakin da Musulmai da Helenawa, Byzantines, da dai sauransu. Sun kafa harsuna Krista da yawa a kan iyakokin Labanon wanda yake sarrafa cinikayya tsakanin Turai, Sin da Indiya har sai an bude sababbin hanyoyi zuwa Asiya Land ta hanyar Eastern Rus. Harkokin cinikayya ta kasashen Rasha sun yi kokarin sarrafawa tare da taimakon 'Yan Salibiyyar, don haka magoya bayan wannan ƙungiyar soja-addini sun kasance mafi tsawo a cikin Baltic States.

Tsohon Edessa a matsayin lokacin yaki

Mahalarta na uku jihadi (1147-1149) sun kasance a gaskiya da hannu a cikin na biyu jihadi. Wannan taron ya fara ne tare da isowa Constantinople na sarki Jamus Conrad da sojojinsa a 1147. Wajibi ne don rawar daji na biyu na aikin soja a kan Al'ummar Al'ummar ita ce tabbatar da wayewar musulmi kuma ya fara komawa ƙasar da aka kori daga baya. Musamman, an kama Edessa, Sarki Fulk ya mutu a Urushalima, wanda kuma yana da mallaka a ƙasar Faransa, kuma 'yarsa ba ta iya samar da kariya ta musamman ba saboda wulakanci na vassals.

Saint Bernard ya yabi Germans da Faransanci akan yakin

Masu shiga cikin kundin na uku (ainihin na biyu, a tsakiyar karni na 12) sun shirya har shekara guda. Yana da aka zaci cewa, ga shi zuwa rayayye yi Paparoma Eugene na uku, wanda, duk da haka, a lokacin da aka raunana a matsayin ikon mulkin demokra] yayi a Italiya (a karkashin shugabanci na Arnold na Brescia). Shugabar kasar Faransa ta bakwai, watau jarumi a cikin ruhu, kuma ya yi jinkiri har sai da Paparoma ya sami albarka a cikin mutumin Saint Bernard, wanda ya karanta hadisin kan bukatar ya saki Mai Tsarki Sepulcher a cikin 1146, yana ƙarfafa yawan mutanen tsakiya da kudancin Faransa. Masu shiga cikin Crusade 3 (masana tarihi sunyi la'akari da ita shine na biyu) daga Faransa tare da kimanin mutane 70,000, wanda a daidai lokacin da maharan mahajjata suka shiga. A shekara daga baya, St. Bernard kira wannan kalaman na yunkuri daga Jamus, yawan, a lõkacin da ya isa a kan wata ziyara da sarki Conrad.

Tsayawa da Bosporus, Germans na King Conrad sun fuskanci irin wannan juriya na Seljuks cewa ba za su iya shiga zurfi cikin kasar ba, kuma, a karshe, sun koma gida (ciki har da Conrad da King Ludwig na bakwai). Faransanci ya haɗu da yankunan Asia Minor, kuma mafi girma daga cikinsu ya tafi Syria a 1148. Sojojin ƙasa kusan a ƙarfinsa, aka rasa a lokacin miƙa mulki. Edessa, wanda 'yan tawaye suka ci nasara daga' 'marasa imani', 'yan Musulmi sun sake karbar su, Nur ad Din ya karbi ƙasashe kusa da Antakiya, Kurkukuwan da Shirk ya kama Misira, wanda daga baya shahararren Saladin ya yi mulki, wanda ya ci nasara da musulmai Siriya, Damascus da kuma wani ɓangare na Mesopotamiya.

Ƙarƙashin dangantaka a Gabas bayan mutuwar Baldwin ta hudu

A waɗannan shekarun da ke cikin Urushalima, babban kwamin gwiwar Balduin Four, wanda ya kasance mai diplomasiya mai kyau kuma ya ci gaba da gudanar da jituwa tsakanin Urushalima da Dimashƙu. Duk da haka, bayan mutuwarsa, wani Guy de Lusignan ya yi aure tare da 'yar'uwarsa Baldwin, ya yi shelar kansa Sarkin Urushalima kuma ya fara faɗar da Saladin zuwa tashin hankali, inda wannan karshen ya wuce nasara, bayan ya ci kusan dukkanin ƙasashe daga' yan Salibiyyar.

Yawancin nasarar da Saradin ya samu na nasarar ya haifar da fitattun masu halartar taron koli a karo na uku a Turai wanda ke so ya rama masa. Sabuwar aikin soja a gabas tare da albarkatun Paparoma ya jagoranci Friedrich Barbarossa, Sarki Philipus Augustus da Na biyu (Faransa) da kuma Richard le Lionheart - Sarkin Ingila a lokacin. Ya kamata a lura da cewa Filibus da Richard sun ƙi juna. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa Filibus ya kasance babban mashahuri (ciki har da ɗan'uwan Richard, John Landless, wanda ya jagoranci Ingila idan babu shugaban) wanda bai bambanta abokin adawar Ingila ba. Amma, wannan ya sha wuya sosai, ba tare da amfani da ikon soja na jihar ba.

Friedrich Barbarossa wani shugaban soja ne mai kulawa

Irin wannan dangantaka ta kasance tare da wasu shugabanni - masu zama na Crusade na Uku. Friedrich na farko, kamar yadda wasu masana tarihi suka yi imanin, ya yi nisa da irin wannan matsala kuma yana shirya sosai don aikinsa a gabas. Akwai wasu shaidun cewa kafin yakin ya tattauna da Byzantium, tare da sultan na Ikon, kuma mai yiwuwa tare da Sultan Saladin kansa. A karkashin yarjejeniyar tare da sarki Byzantine, masu haɗin kai a 3rd Crusade sun sami sashi kyauta ta cikin ƙasashe da wadata kayan abinci a farashin da aka ƙayyade. Sarkin Belgian King Bel, wanda bai shiga wannan yakin ba, ya jagoranci sojojin Barbarossa ta hanyar tasharsa a hanya mafi kyau. Amma kan hanyar zuwa Jamus, ƙungiyoyi masu fashe-tashen hankula sun fara kai farmaki. Adadin masu zanga-zangar sun fara hada da mazaunin gida, wadanda basu yarda da shugabannin su ba, wanda ya kara yawan rikici.

Wace matsalolin da mahalarta Jamus ke fuskanta a Crusade ta Uku? Friedrich 1 bai sani ba cewa bayan tsallaka da Bosphorus a watan Maris 1190 ya riga ya m da sojojin kasar za su yi tafi ta hanyar Asia Ƙananan, kafin kamuwa da yaki da Seljuks, inda za su fuskanci matsaloli da namomin kaya da kuma kayan abinci. Sarkin Jamus ya lashe babban nasara a Iconium, amma a Cilicia, lokacin da yake tsallaka kan kogin dutse mai suna Salef, Friedrich ya mutu kuma ya mutu. Wannan ya rushe nasarar dukkanin masana'antun, kamar yadda wani ɓangare na 'yan gwagwarmaya suka tilasta su koma Turai ta hanyar teku, kuma wani ɓangaren da ya kai Agra (babbar manufar yaƙin neman zaɓe) karkashin jagorancin Duke Swabiya ya shiga cikin fadace-fadace tare da sauran Krista.

Richard da Filibus sun haye teku

Sauran masu halartar babban taron sulhu na Uku (1189-1192) sun isa gado na Agra tare da runduna a cikin bazara na 1190. A hanya, Richard ya kama Cyprus. Amma Agra, yafi sabili da rikice-rikice tsakanin Richard da Philip, ya kasance har sai lokacin rani 1191, kusan kusan shekaru biyu. Wani ɓangare na kullun Faransa ya tashi zuwa ga asalinsu a karkashin jagorancin sarkin su. Amma wasu, kamar Henry na Champagne, da Hugo na Burgundy da sauransu, sun bar su yaki a Siriya, inda suka ci Saladin a Arsuf, amma ba zai koma Urushalima ba. A watan Satumba na 1192 mahalarta Sashe na Uku sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da Sultan, bisa ga abin da Kirista zasu iya ziyarci birnin mai tsarki. Richard da Lionheart bayan haka ya koma gidansa. Aƙalla a daidai wannan lokacin ya zo da Teutonic domin na Knights, wanda aka samu ta hanyar mayar da wani asibitin Jamus St. Mary fraternity shirya a lokacin mamayewa na Gabas.

Sakamako na Crusades

Mene ne sakamakon jihohin da ke shiga cikin Crusade na Uku? Tebur ya nuna cewa mutanen Turai da mutanen gabas, maimakon haka, sun ɓace daga waɗannan abubuwan tarihi. Amma ya kamata a lura cewa Crusades a sakamakon haka ba wai kawai mutuwar mutane da yawa ba, da raunana tsarin gwamnati na zamani, amma kuma ya ba da gudummawa wajen haɓaka tsakanin ɗalibai, kasashe daban-daban da kuma mutane, ya ba da gudummawa ga cigaban kewayawa da cinikayya, yaduwar Kristanci, haɗuwa da al'adun al'adu na gabas Kuma Yamma.