Popular ƙungiyoyi a cikin 17th karni

Popular ƙungiyoyi a cikin 17th karni sun taro sabon abu a Rasha. A zamanin da Lokaci na matsaloli ƙare. All duniyoyin na rayuwar al'umma da aka gaba daya hallaka: da tattalin arziki, siyasa, zamantakewa, dangantakar al'adu da kuma ruhaniya ci gaba. Halitta, ya wajaba ga maido da tattalin arzikin kasar. Mutane da yawa da sauye-sauye da kuma sababbin abubuwa m a yawan mutane a wannan lokaci. A sakamakon - mutane ta ƙungiyoyi. Za mu yi kokarin bincika daki-daki, wannan topic.

A batun "tarihi" (7 d.): "The mutane ta motsi"

Period "buntashnogo Century" shi ne wani ɓangare na wajibi makaranta a kalla. A hanya "History of Rasha" (Grade 7, "Mutane ta Movement") gano wadannan haddasawa na zamantakewa juyi:

• A karuwa a haraji a sakamakon m soja rikice-rikice.
• Kokarin da hukumomi suka rage Cossack cin gashin.
• Ƙarfafa mandative tef.
• Bautar manoma.
• Church garambawul, wanda ya jagoranci wani tsaga daga cikin limaman Kirista da kuma yawan jama'a.

A bisa dalilai bayar da shawarar cewa rare ƙungiyoyi a cikin 17th karni suna hade ba kawai tare da peasantry, kamar yadda ya a baya, amma kuma tare da sauran social strata: limaman, Cossacks, maharba.

Wannan yana nufin cewa, hukumomin da za a fara aiki da iko sojojin da sani yadda za a yi amfani da makamai. Cossacks kuma maharba gudanar ya sami fama da kwarewa a akai-yaƙe. Saboda haka, su da hannu a tashin a kan sikelin da za a iya kwatanta ta da yakin basasa.

gishiri bore

Ina son tuna yau fansho, wanda ake rayayye kallon for gishiri a Stores farashin. An karuwa da daya ko biyu daga cikin ruble yau ne tare da wani iri-iri zargin da zargi daga cikin hukumomi. Duk da haka, da gishiri farashin karuwa a XVII karni ya tsokani wani real bore.

1 Yuli, 1648 barke mai iko kalaman na zanga-zangar. A dalilin shi ne ƙarin haraji a kan gishiri, saboda wanda gwamnati ta yanke shawarar kari da kasafin kudin. A halin da ake ciki ne suka kai ga cewa masu zanga-zangar "intercepted" Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich yayin da ya dawo daga salla a Kremlin. Mutane koka game da "mai kyau sarki" da aiki "bad" Boyar - da shugaban da lardin Order L. S. Plescheeva. A idanun talakawa mutum a titi ya kadai ya zargi alhakin matsalolin da ke jihar: mandative burokrasi, almubazzaranci, farashin ƙaruwa ba kawai gishiri amma kuma ga sauran kayayyakin abinci.

"Bad" Boyar da ya yi hadaya. "A karkashin sunan" Sarkin ba kawai samu kawar da "dan damfara" Pleshcheeva, amma kuma daga dan uwansa, boyar Boris Morozov, ya malami. A gaskiya ma, ya kasance wani "m Cardinal" a cikin kasar da kuma warware kusan duk al'amarin. Duk da haka, bayan da cewa rare ƙungiyoyi a kasar ƙare. Mu jũyar da more ga wasu.

Popular ƙungiyoyi (Grade 7, tarihin Rasha): Copper tawaye

A halin da ake ciki tare da gishiri bai koyar da gwamnatin wani m tsarin kula da gyare-gyare. Kudi a kasar rasa. Kuma a sa'an nan, hukumomi sun ciyar mafi "m" da tattalin arziki da sake fasalin da zai iya kawai zo da - da ragewar darajar kuɗi da tsabar kudin.

A gwamnati, maimakon azurfa da tsabar kudi sa a cikin wurare dabam dabam da jan tsabar kudi cewa 10-15 kudin mai rahusa. Hakika, shi yiwuwa a fito da wani katako, (a mafi gaskiyan ma'anarta) rubles, amma hukumomi yanke shawarar ba, ya fitine rabo haka. Da sauƙi, yan kasuwa tsaya sayar da jan kayayyakin.

A watan Yuli 1662 kisan kiyashin da tarzoma. Yanzu mutane ba su yi ĩmãni, a cikin "mai kyau sarki." Rikicin an hõre Estate na kusan duk sarki ayarinsa. A taron so mafi "Allah ya shafe" murkushe ko da wani zama a kauyen Kolomna. Duk da haka, a lokacin da sojojin ta zo, kuma sarki ya zo don gudanar da shawarwari.

Bin wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, da hukumomin gilla bi da tare da 'yan tawaye. A yawa na mutane da aka kashe, aka kama, wasu yanke hannuwansu, ƙafãfunmu, harsuna. A sa'a wadanda, Mun aika a cikin zaman talala.

Haddin shari'a na Stepan Razin

Idan baya rare ƙungiyoyi da aka shirya m m yawan, da tawaye Stepana Razina shiga da makamai tare da fama da kwarewa Cossacks. Kuma ya juya zuwa cikin wani mafi tsanani matsalar for jihar.

Duk da laifi ya kasance da Conciliar code 1649. Wannan daftarin aiki tabbatacce kafa serfdom. Hakika, farkon da shi don samar tun lokacin Ivan III, da gabatarwar da St. George ta Day da aka makala ma'aikata zuwa ƙasar lyãyengiji. Duk da haka Conciliar The Code ta kafa wani lifelong so gudun hijira manoma da kuma komawa zuwa ga tsohon masu. Wannan mulki ya m tare da Cossack 'yancin walwala. Akwai wani ƙarni-tsohon mulkin "Babu Extradition daga Don", wanda ya hada da kariya daga duk wanda isa can.

By tsakiyar 60s na XVII karni a kan Don samu wata babbar lamba na runaway manoma. Wannan ya kai ga wadannan sakamakon:

• A impoverishment na Cossacks, kamar yadda samuwa ƙasar ne kawai bai isa ba. Bugu da kari, akwai yaƙe-yaƙe, wanda bisa ga al'ada rage yawan da Cossacks ne tushen arziki.
• Yana zuwa babbar m sojojin a wuri guda.

Duk wannan, ba shakka, zai iya ba amma kai ga m ƙungiyoyi

"A yakin da ya gashi"

A rukunin farko na wannan yunkuri na manoma, da kuma Cossacks jagorancin Stepan Razin gangara a tarihi a matsayin "yaƙi domin gashi," watau for ganima (1667-1669 gg.). Manufar wannan yaki shi ne kwasar ganima m jiragen ruwa da kuma tafiyar dauke da kaya daga Rasha zuwa Farisa. A gaskiya ma, cikin detachment Razin ya ɗan fashin teku ƙungiya, wanda katange babban kasuwanci jijiya na Volga, kama Yaitsky gari ya ci Persian jiragen ruwa, sa'an nan ya koma a 1669 tare da m ganima zuwa Don.

Wannan nasara da kuma hukunta yakin neman wahayi zuwa wasu Cossacks da kuma manoma, wanda aka gagarumin daga talauci. Su massively miƙa ta S. Razin. Yanzu zan yi juna biyu da ra'ayin dauke da fitar da wani juyin juya halin a kasar. S. Razin sanar da wani Maris a birnin Moscow.

A mataki na biyu (1670 - 1671 gg.)

A gaskiya kwaikwayon na Stepan Razin kama nan gaba baƙauye yaki jagorancin Pugachev. Broad zamantakewa strata, babban adadin hannu a cikin rikici daga gida kabilanci kabilan magana game da wani cikakken sikelin yakin basasa. A general, m tarihi (da rare ƙungiyoyi musamman) ya taba ganin irin wannan zanga-zangar na da kansa mutane kafin wannan lokaci.

A hanya na tawaye

A 'yan tawayen nan da nan ya dauki birnin Tsaritsyn. Zo ga da kyau-garu sansanin soja na Astrakhan, wanda sa'an nan ya ba da sama ba tare da wani yaki. Duk da gwamnoni da noblemen aka kashe.

Nasarar da ya tsokani wani m motsi zuwa ga gefen Razin irin manyan birane kamar yadda Samara, Saratov, Penza, isharar tsanani rikicin siyasa a Rasha al'umma. Bugu da kari ga Rasha, yawan, da kuma ja shi zuwa ga mutanen Volga: Chuvash, Tatar, Mordovian, Mari da sauransu.

Ana sa babban adadin mayakan

A total number of 'yan tawayen ya kai 200 dubu. Man. A dalilai a kan wanda Razin ja dubban more: wasu sun gaji da talauci, haraji, da sauran tashe da matsayi na "free Cossacks", da sauransu duka mãsu laifi. Mutane da yawa na kasa al'umma so cin gashin kuma ko da 'yancin kai bayan nasarar juyin juya halin.

A karshen wannan yunkuri, kisan kiyashi

Duk da haka, da manufofin da 'yan tawayen bai zo gaskiya. Rashin kungiya hadin kai, kowa a raga, sojojin unmanageable. A cikin watan Satumba 1670, ta yi kokarin daukar Simbirsk (zamani Ulyanovsk), amma ya kasa, sa'an nan ya fara fada baya.

Babban ƙarfi jagorancin S. Razin bar zuwa Don, da yawa warwatse ta m yankunan. Da 'yan tawayen punitive balaguro karkashin jagorancin gwamnan, Prince Yu Baryatinsky, wanda a zahiri yana nufin yin amfani da duk samuwa sojoji. Tsoron ga rayukansu, 'yan tawayen sun bai wa shugaban, wanda aka sa'an nan quartered.

Up zuwa dubu 100. Mutane sun kashe da kuma azaba da hukumomi. Irin wannan taro danniya Rasha taba sani kafin wannan lokaci.