Zemsky domin - tsakiyar jikin jihar gwamnati. Zemsky domin: description da kuma tarihin

Bayan wani lokaci na Great distemper sauka a hankali dawo da iko Vladimir da kuma Moscow asashe. Wurare da dama a yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma hare haren abu da suka gabata, kasar ta stabilized kuma sami ƙarfi tsarist autocracy. Ƙarfafa Ikon aka tare da fadada daga cikin administrative hukumomi, cikinsu da Zemsky domin - tsakiyar jihar iko da kuma sa idanu jiki.

A farko ambaci

A lokacin da matsaloli, babu wani gagarumin gwamnatin hukumomin da basu wanzu. A dukan ƙasar Rasha da aka rafke. Amma a hankali a hankali karuwa a rinjayar da Moscow sarauta kai ga fadada daga ƙasar da fada karkashin iko na Moscow yarima, sabili da haka ya bukaci da ƙasarsa management hukumomin.

Matsayin mai zaman kanta ma'aikata Zemsky domin an farko da aka ambata a cikin takardu a 1564, ko da yake wasu ma'aikata wanda aka kira zemstvo dattijan yi aikinsu tun 1500. Ana zargin Karkasa jikin na Board Rasha ƙasashe ce weakening rinjayar da 'ya'yan sarakuna ba, kuma boyar aristocracy, ƙarfafa gwamnatin tsakiya. Zemsky Sobor da umarni aka data kasance biyu rassan ikon: majalisa da kuma na zartarwa. A farko majalisa da aka gudanar a zamanin mulkin Ivana Groznogo a 1549 da kuma daidai da kaifi ƙarin tsanani da rikici da "kasa" da kuma "top" na lokacin, wanda bayyana kanta a babban birnin na Rasha asashe, da kuma a kan karkata mulkoki. Tarihi convening Zemsky Sobor yana da ƙarni biyu. Tarihi, da alƙawura da kuma umarni da aka tsunduma a cikin biyu da bẽnãye: na farko zuwa majalisarsa, manya ma'aji kuma butlers, na biyu - da boyars 'ya'yanku, da masu mulki, sarakuna, da shugabannin.

A tsarin da lardin Order

The girma na jami'an Land na oda aka circling kai, nada daga cikin gida nobility. Sai suka bi titi masu gadi, maharba da Gunners. Su ma batun raga clerks, wanda sarrafawa ƙofofin gagara titunan tsohon Moscow, yarygi - alhakin tsaftacewa pavements kuma daban-daban townspeople, yin wani iri-iri ayyuka.

Nauyi na lardin Order

Zemsky domin yin aikinsu a kan tushen da yawa dokoki da umarni na hukumomi. Its jami'an sun tura data kasance na birni clerks da tretnikov - proteges boyars da sarakuna. Daga cikin babban aikinsu na ma'aikatan domin su ne:

• gyara shimfidar wuri ƙasa karkashin mulkin wata, a birane, management.
• haraji tarin.
• kai kara da kuma kai kara da ƙananan azuzuwan na yawan;
• tilasta bin dokoki, wuta yãƙi.
• yaki kormchestvom, brothels da cãcã.

Batutuwan ci gaban Moscow ya hankula na da gari: kunkuntar tituna, gidan ya toshe sharar gida, taki a kan tituna da kuma abin ƙi ne numfashi ba. Domin karshen mako da holidays ƙoƙarin kawo domin a titunan Moscow, jihar na gada da kuma St. Nicholas mahauci Street, wanda sau da yawa ya kori sarki, da goyan bayan kusan fi dacewa. Daga baya, duk da datti aikin da aka danƙa wa maza daga low Estate - yaryzhnyh. Su ma an umurce su da su tsaftace tituna, cire impurities, su yi hidima a cikin stables daga daraja jami'ai.

Moscow 'yan sanda aiki

Zemsky domin biya domin aikin da Moscow da 'yan sanda, wanda shi ne ke da alhakin hanya da kuma hana aikata kananan laifuffuka. Management daga cikin ma'aikatan da aka ba mai girma. Shugaban 'yan sanda na sashen da aka zaba circling da kai, wanda shi ne da ofishin da kuma kananan ofishin aka kasaftawa. Don taimaka maharba suka tsaya kai da kuma raga clerks. A arziki da nasu kotuna da jami'an tsaro sabis bincike da kuma kusan babu lamba da 'yan sanda.

Development Zemsky management

A farkon 17th karni Zemsky domin ya kasu kashi biyu County kotu, wanda ya mulki a biyu sassa daban daban na Moscow. Yawan jami'an da suka yi aiki a cikin umarni, fadada ayyuka. Duk da paperwork an rarraba su zuwa "jirgin" da "kudi" Tables. A musamman littattafai da aka shigar da koke-koke, motsi da kuma soma bayan shawara da yanke shawara.

Bayan da sababbin abubuwa da Bitrus I, dangane da Turai hanyar rayuwa, da oda da aka soke da kuma Zemsky Sobor. Ma'aikatar da Board aka kafa ta yammacin Turai model. Cewa su aka ɗõra wa ɗaukar nauyin bauta wa da tsohon gwamnatin.

Tarurrukan Zemstva

A cikin rabi na biyu na karni na 19th, karkatar data kasance tsarin na tilasta Tsar Alexander II da sake fasalin a kan shugabanci sake fasalin kudin. Daya daga cikin na farko ya wuce da garambawul na gida kai gwamnati, a cikin abin da} ananan hukumomi, da aka ba mafi iko da kuma jera su iya yin zaman kanta yanke shawara.

A wannan lokaci, shi ya kawo batun da magani daga cikin kauyukan da kuma fara da shirin "Zemsky likita". Order of arziki na kiwon lafiya ya kai ga kusan duk sasanninta na kasar likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya, wanda ke da alhakin gaggawa kiwon lafiya.

ilimi shirye-shirye ba dama yanayi ya koyi karatu da rubutu mafi yawa kungiyoyin na yawan - manoma. District majalisa kanta ya dauka a yanke shawara a kan gina hanyar jirgin kasa da kuma gina manyan masana'antu Enterprises. Da yawa da hankali da aka biya zuwa al'adu rai na kananan garuruwa da zamu juya: bude sinimomi, da haila,] akunan karatu da sauran al'adu da makarantu. Abin baƙin ciki, da juyin juya halin da kuma yaki hallaka dukan m cewa ne ya kawo wa rai na jihar sake fasalin na 19th karni.

A yanzu lokaci a tarihi darussa da gasa kishin nazarin baya ya ƙasar haihuwarsa, a kowa aiki: "" Order "," Zemsky Sobor "," ma'aikatar "," kwaleji "- cewa da yawa?" A daidai amsar zai zama "Zemsky Sobor", kamar yadda ya majalisar dokoki da kuma duk sauran da aka jera jama'a gwamnati cibiyoyin - da zartarwa.