Baroque style a Rasha. Baroque wakilan a Rasha

Wannan m da kuma wani lokacin m style uwar a gine da kuma art a Turai daga marigayi sha shida ga tsakiyar goma sha takwas ƙarni, kafa a wannan zamanin na m halittar jihohin a kan wani kasa akai. Wanda yake da dangantaka da coci da kuma aristocratic da'irori. Baroque Tsarki ya tabbata kuma ciyar da iko. Saboda haka, don shi ne da farko halin da ƙawa, girma da kuma pathetic jaraba ga m. Wannan salon hadawa da kawayeniya yanayi na gaskiya, da kuma akwai karfi saba da Sikeli da kuma rhythms, kazalika da laushi da kuma kayan, haske da launi.

description Baroque

Da zaran na farko bai kira wannan style: kasar, yiwuwa ga wuce haddi da, m, izuwa kuma m ... Wadannan halaye su ne a zamanin ta haihuwa kara kamar abin izgili. Kuma duk saboda Baroque bai dace sa'an nan canons na zamanin d art da kuma gine.

Amma sannu a hankali ta fara saya sabon gine manyan al'amurra da kuma inganci. Baroque aka haife shi a Italiya. Wannan kasa shi ne a wancan lokaci a cibiyar al'adu, inda wannan salon ya fara nasara Maris fadin Turai. Kuma a cikin kowane daga Baroque Amurka don saya da kasa halaye.

Baroque gine a Rasha, ciki har da, da farko rinjayar da ikon yinsa, kuma mawuyaci. Ta halin da yawa daga hadaddun, kamar yadda mai mulkin, curvilinear siffofin, m colonnades. A cikin facades na gine-gine na lokacin da kuma lura da yawan sculptures a ciki. Akwai ma Multi-tiered Dome da hadaddun siffofi. A daukan hankali misali na Baroque gine za a iya kira ST. Peter a Vatican. Rarrabe style bayani ne Atlanteans, caryatids goyon bayan arches da kuma ginshikan wasa rawa, kazalika da mascarones - sculptural kayan ado a cikin siffar wani mutum shugaban ko hancinsa na dabba daga gaban.

Yana da yake a gine-gine, a cewar masana, da Baroque ya wakilta a duk su bambancin da cikar abu. All gine-ginen da suka haifar da ayyukansu a cikin wannan style, yana da wuya a lissafa. Yana Italiya Bernini, Borromini da Maderna, da iyakacin duniya Jan glaubitz da yawa wasu. A Rasha m, waɗanda ayyukansu za a iya dangana ga Baroque, dauke da farko Rastrelli. Dole ne in ce cewa shi ya ci gaba a kasar mu a hanya ta musamman.

Asalin Rasha Baroque

A farkon karni na sha takwas a Rasha aka alama ta manyan abubuwan da suka faru. Sakamakon nasara ƙarshe na Arewa War kuma da yawa daga Bitrus ya gyara, kasar suka fara samar al'adar, da kuma tattalin arziki. Ana zargin St. Petersburg, ma, ya na da muhimmanci taron, shi ya zamo farkon wani sabon mataki a cikin tarihi na ba kawai namu, amma kuma na duniya gine. Shi ne tare da wannan da kuma fara, a gaskiya, da baza na Baroque gine na 18th karni. A Rasha, domin gina babban birnin da makiyayarta sun taru ba kawai m, amma kuma da gine-ginen na yammacin Turai. A grandiose raya birane ajanda da aka bisa ga hadisai na Rasha gine.

Yammacin Turai trends

Duk da haka Petersburg gine lokacin Bitrus I, kuma shi ne - na farko da kwata na karni na sha takwas, ko da yake da shi ya ci gaba a matsayin gaske kasa alhakin gida halaye, yayin da a lokaci guda gani da sakamakon ci gaban da yawa styles na yammacin Turai yi. Akwai wani monolithic kuma sosai kwayoyin Fusion na mu da kuma kasashen waje gine-gine styles. Haka abin ya fara da Baroque zamanin a Rasha.

A wannan yanayin, da aiwatar da assimilation da m aiki na Yammacin styles, a gaskiya, ya koma zuwa karni na sha biyar, a lokacin da a karkashin Ivan III zo zuwa Moscow da aiki da Italiya. A cikin rabi na biyu na karni na goma sha bakwai da tasiri daga kasashen waje ya karu a lokacin da ado ginshikan da entablature, gables, datsa da yar tsanar motifs hankali ya fara yada a Rasha gine.

Baroque style a Rasha

ba ya iya samun wani qafafunku a cikin kasar. Duk da cewa da sukar birkice classicism a gine-gine, su ne, Duk da haka, bai ga wani madadin zuwa "ginshikan da kuma domes." Nacewa muhawara da isa yabo na Gothic Revival da kuma "Renaissance", amma da Kalmar "Baroque" a Rasha amfani kauce masa. Mashahuri m Bryullov a lokacin tafiya zuwa Italiya da aka outraged da "aikin kyama dandano" da kuma m halittun da Borromini.

Kuma kalmar "Rasha Baroque" kawai a cikin eighties karni na sha tara Explorer N. Sultanov tsoho Rasha gine da aka gabatar. A Rasha, an kaddamarda pre-Petrine gine na goma sha bakwai karni. Tun daga nan, akwai manufar dorewa, da wanda rukunin farko na wannan style ci gaba a cikin 1640 ta.

By definition, Likhachev, Baroque a Rasha ya zaci wasu daga cikin halaye na Renaissance, wanda bai iya mayalwaci bayyana. Duk da haka, Kalmar "Rasha Baroque" a Rasha, kuma a general ba karbuwa a duniya da masana a cikin duniya. Saboda haka, ya Ana daukarsa a matsayin matukar, amma sunan da aka dauka a zance da alãmarsu.

Bisa ga ƙa'ida, a cikin halaye kama da style of mannerism. Yana alama dama, saukarwa: "Naryshkin", "Golitsyn", "Bitrus Baroque a Rasha" (18th karni, na farko kwata) da kuma "balagagge", yana nufin Elizabethan sau. A karshen style ne mafi fili karara a cikin ayyukan F. Rastrelli Matasa da yawa a cikin gine-gine na St. Petersburg.

Naryshkin ko Moscow Baroque

By wannan salon na nufin wani rukuni na Ibada, gina wannan sanannen Knights zo. Naryshkin Baroque style a Rasha da aka gabatar da irin wannan ayyukan gine na marigayi goma sha bakwai - farkon goma sha takwas ƙarni a matsayin coci a Fili da Triniti-Lykov, a hat kuma Dubrovitsy, kazalika da zato mai rauni, wanda aka gina a kan Maroseyka.

Masana sun kira shi a wasu hanya ta m mataki, a cikin abin da canja tsari na husufi Yammacin gine, kamar wani tushe da kuma su abubuwa, na ado motifs da Baroque asalin t. D.

Features Naryshkin style a gine

Ya zo a wani muhimmanci lokaci domin mu gine. Wannan ke nan a lõkacin da Rasha patriarchal style hankali fara shiga trends daga Turai. Daga karni na sha shida gine-gine, shi siffofi da wani a tsaye iya shiga makamashi da cewa nunin faifai tare da gefuna a kan garun, da patterned jefa lush tãguwar ruwa.

Domin gine-gine na wannan zamanin, na Rasha gine ne halin da cakuda da sabanin trends a Tsarin lura heterogeneity na Tsarin da ado. A tsarin "Naryshkin" Baroque a Rasha, musamman a cikin Moscow, akwai ãyõyi bayyanannu daga Turai mannerism, da kuma amo mara sa na Gothic, akwai bit da wani Renaissance da romanticism, kuma shi duka Yanã shigar da hadisai na zamanin d katako da dutsen da gine-gine.

Golitsyn style

A hankali shi ya fara Baroque ci gaba a Rasha. A wurin wani daban-daban style of Naryshkin zo a Moscow gine - Golitsyn, wanda aka dauke tsaka. Ya wadãta a farkon shekaru goma na karni na sha takwas, da sakamako nace har zuwa tsakiyar wannan karni.

A farko gini, gina a cikin Baroque style a Rasha, dauke da coci a Dubovica a Perov, Volyn, Laurentian sufi a Kaluga. A bambanci, "Naryshkin" a cikin kayan ado na "Golitsyn" gine-gine ƙara amfani zalla Baroque abubuwa. Duk da haka, da zane mafita, da abun da ke ciki na zama ruwan dare kundin da rufaffiyar hali iri-iri kusa da Turai Renaissance. Tsabta daga cikin shirin da sauki daga siffofin, a hade tare da wani arziki ciki twin da yawa Baroque Monuments a Rasha tare da classic misalai na zamanin d gine. Musamman a fili wannan za a iya gani a baya gine-gine - coci na St. Bitrus da Bulus Cathedral a birnin Moscow, kazalika a Troekurova da Yakimanka.

stroganoff style

Wannan stylistic shugabanci Rasha gine karshen goma sha bakwai da kuma goma sha takwas ƙarni fara halayyar gine-gine gina a kan tsari siffan industrialists, bayan wanda shi ne mai suna.

By mafi m Monuments na Moscow Baroque stroganoff bambanta tsare da gargajiya Rasha biyar-domed haikali silhouette, a kan wanda wani gagarumin, kamar yadda idan kera da hannu, Baroque kayan ado. Wadannan sun hada da Kazan a Ustyuzhna, Smolensk a Gordeevka kauyen Kirsimeti a Nizhny Novgorod da kuma wasu majami'u, kazalika da Vvedensky babban coci da aka gina a Solvychegodsk.

Bitrus Baroque

Wannan lokaci da aka yi amfani da art masana tarihi da gine-gine da style, wanda aka amince da Bitrus I, kuma aka yi amfani da ko'ina a St. Petersburg. Limited matukar tsarin, shi ne mayar da hankali a kan Swedish model, Jamus da kuma Dutch gine-ginen. Baroque gine a Rasha tun da mai girma kawo canji da aka fi mayar eclectic gini, da mai dandano ga classicism da gothic tsufa. Don rage bambancin da Bitrus gine-ginen da mafita ga wannan style iya zama wani mataki na conditionality.

The gine na wannan lokaci halin da sauki volumetric constructions, akwai kuri'a na sarari sanarwa akan abinda kuma hani kayan doki, sau da yawa lura a cikin fassarar planar facades. A bambanci ga Naryshkin Baroque a Rasha, Bitrus da Great ne mai hukunci kin amincewa da Byzantine al'ada, wanda ya mamaye mu gine-ginen kusan bakwai ƙarni. Duk da haka, akwai bambanci daga Golitsynsky style kai tsaye wahayi zuwa gare ta Italian ko Austria samfurori.

haske wakilan

An invaluable rawa wajen ci gaban na Baroque a Rasha taka leda ba kawai Rasha, amma kuma da yawa sanannun kasashen waje gine-ginen. Daya daga cikin wakilan da yammacin makarantu, aiki a kasar, shi ne Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli - ɗan wani Italian sculptor, wanda ya yi aiki a kotun sarki Louis XIV. Kuna hukunta da kalmomi da ya biographer, ka yi kwarewa da ya samu a Rasha. Da yake ina da sosai hazaka artist, Rastrelli ya gudanar ya tabbatar da kansa a kere m kuma zauna a sosai babban matsayi a cikin kotu, da aka nada "sarki m." Aikinsa a cikin shekaru 1740-1750 ya kai ta koli.

Sauran manyan wakilan Baroque a Rasha - shi ne A. V. Kvasov, tsara da kuma gina Grand Tsarskoye Selo Palace kafin sake fasalin kudin Kanmu da Rastrelli. Domin aikinsa sun hada da ba kiyaye su a cikin Haymarket yankin na Church na ɗauka daga cikin Albarka Virgin Mary. Babu kasa sanannun gine-ginen na Rasha Baroque zamanin ne P. Trezzini, A. Vista da kuma, ba shakka, aiki a Rasha tun 1760-th to 1770-th haske waje wakilin wannan style of Antonio Rinaldi. A karshen, a cikin farkon gine-gine har yanzu a ƙarƙashin rinjayar "tsufa" Baroque da daga baya ya koma a kan su classicism, wanda a cikin kasar ne kawai a cikin jariri. Duk da haka, a ce babu wata tantama cewa Rinaldi ne wakilin daidai wannan farkon style, ba zai yiwu ba.

Gine-gine Rasha Baroque

Isa san halittar Rastrelli - wani gungu na Smolny Convent, gina a cikin shekara 1748-1764 a St. Petersburg. Yana da aka halitta a cikin Rasha al'adar irin wannan was na ga baya karni. Babu kasa a san su a arewacin babban birnin kasar na biyu manyan gidãje Elizabethan manya - Stroganov kuma M. Vorontsov. Duk da haka, da fari daga cikin ayyukan Rastrelli tsaye, ba shakka, da Winter Palace, wanda aka gina shekaru takwas. Yana da aka kammala a 1762-m. A nan a cikin mafi girma mataki na m ta iyawa. Daga cikin sauran Baroque Masterpieces - The Grand Palace a Tsarskoye Selo, da kuma waɗansu da yawa. Su ne duk sosai haske faye hali style cewa rinjãya a cikin tsakiyar karni na sha takwas a Rasha. A ci gaba da taka rawar kerawa na m P. Trezzini jaddada Theodore Church, dake a cikin Alexander Nevsky Lavra. Yau, da yawa shawara a kan wanda ya mallaki cikin square gina a kan Vladimir Cathedral na wannan sunan. Duk da haka, mutane da yawa sun karkata zuwa yi imani da cewa shi ya ba da wani ba a sani ba master, wato P. Trezzini, wanda ya so gasar tare da Rastrelli, halitta a karshen 1760 na ban mamaki kyau na coci. Dole ne in ce cewa, da rashin alheri, sosai yawa gine-gine na ga m, aka baya sāke gina ko kawai bace.

Ba na wanzuwa da takwarorinsu da kuma Rinaldi, wanda ya halitta da dama Orthodox majami'u, hada da yawa abubuwa na Baroque. A musamman, wannan shi ne Andrew ta Cathedral tare da biyar domes domes da kuma babban Multi-storey kararrawa hasumiya, Boathouse, located a kagara, Sin da kuma Marmara manyan gidãje. A karshen dauke da wani musamman sabon abu a Rasha gine.