Don san ganin an abin da yake oprichnina

Wannan shi ne oprichnina, kowa ya san. Wannan shi ne wani jama'a da manufofin a 1565-1572 shekara Rasha: autocratic manufar ta'addanci, sa'an nan Ya sãke kusan kowane bi da bi na tarihi (da ba kawai a cikin Rasha).

Kuma saboda shi ya zama gidan kalma. Oprichnina - a jihar a cikin jihar, da suke zaune a cikin (mafi sau da yawa - kerkẽci) dokoki da kuma kai tsaye oprichnik za a iya kira wani wakili na asirin 'yan sanda, da hannu a cikin danniya. A tushen kalma oprichnina a tsohon - "OPRICH" - na musamman, fãce. Alal misali, oprichnina (musamman) ɓangare na gado, wanda ya karbi bazawara.

Oprichnina da nasa sakamakon

A formative shekaru na Rasha (as Empire), a cikin jini sarautar farko Rasha Tsar John IV (da Munin) Ya sãme su da m Livonian War, kuma akwai irin wannan "dodanni" tsakanin abokan gaban jihar, kamar Sweden, Poland, Lithuania da kuma Krymskoe Hanstvo. Kuma a cikin sauran kasar ya ba: a cikin fadar juyin mulki kullum balaga, aikata yaudara da kuma kisan kai, da kuma mutane suna m da fari, da yunwa, da annoba daga annoba. Rasha shan azaba a kan dukkan bangarorin: arewa da yamma groaned hare-hare Dogayen sanda da kuma Lithuania, Swedes lalatar da karkata daga Novgorod, gabas da kuma kudu da birnin ƙone Rasha iyali na Khan Giray - Kazan, Astrakhan, kuma Crimean. A ikon sarki ba ya nan fiye da cikakken: Boyar clique (da Duma, da a wancan lokacin shi ne babban administrative jiki) da kuma a cikin soja da siyasa sadarwa la'akari kawai su amfana da Sarkin ba a tuntube. Kamar yadda ka sani, Ivan da Munin hukumomi har yanzu ya dauki. Kuma ma - fiye da cikakken. Kasancewa daya daga cikin mafi m zukatan mu lokacin, brilliantly ilimi da yawa a cikin filayen daga wani ilmi, shi ne, a sama da dukan, ya karfafa jihar da mulkin wata yawan sake fasalin. A lokacin da shekaru 50 na mulkinsa, Rasha ya karu da karkararta ta 100%! Ya lashe kusan dukan yaƙe-yaƙe. Kafa harkokin ciniki da dangantakar diplomasiyya tsakaninsu har ma da Ingila. Kawai a cikin Baltic gaza samun da qafafunku (lokaci bai zo). Duk da haka, kasashen Turai sun kasance tsanani da damuwa game da dagewa da wadannan yunkurin. Wannan shi ne abin da oprichnina. Wasu masu tarihi sun yi imani da cewa shi ne ta ke m nasarar mafi yawan kamfanonin Ioanna Groznogo.

Amma, a sakamakon, Rasha ya zama wani 'yan sanda a jihar. A kasar na cike da tsoro mutane da mataccen kare ta muzzle da tsintsiya, Shades da sirdi cewa hukunci sata, azaba, kashe su ba. Outraged ko'ina, kuma ya manta da kyau dalilai oprichnina (musamman, shi ne taro na duk Rasha ƙasar, da kawar da mulkin gargajiya fragmentation, pristrunenie 'yancin kai boyars tare da su indescribable outrages). Boyars dauka a hannunka, eh. Amma a abin kudin! A guardsmen karkashin jagorancin John zahiri halakar da kasa da kuma azabtarwa. The manoma gudu daga waliccinsu, azabtar da yara, da mutanen gidan Masters, ƙasar da aka komai, bayan da babban yaki. Ci gaba na tsawon lokaci yunwa. A sakamakon haka, da dokar da aka gabatar "kare shekara", daga wanda a hankali ya karu serfdom. Tare da nassi daga lokaci guardsmen rasa tsoro da lamiri na karshe, m kuma manta da ka'idojin haka da cewa wani yaki tare da Khan Giray kawai bai nuna up. Wannan harka shi ne bayyana musamman abin da oprichnina. Amma tun daya kawai makasudin oprichnina da aka yi sosai (karfafa autocracy) - Get cikakken ikon John aikatã game da oprichniki sabõda haka, ko repressed da tushen Tver, Torzhok, Novgorod da kuma sauran birane da kauyuka, haƙĩƙa razana.

Oprichnina a matsayin makami

Oprichnina lalle ne, dã sun zama surin m tsakiyar iko a kan reactionary boyars tare da rowa, tarin jayayya da munanan m duk da cewa mai tsarki ne.

Amma! Wannan shi ne - mai biyu kaifi takobi. Na biyu gefen kuma ba tsayayya da su amfãne kuma autocracy. A hanya don cimma manufofin yau, iyalinsu guda. Kuma ba cewa muhimmin mutum, da ya lura mamaki jagoranci oprichnina - Sarkin shi ne Yahaya, da fir'auna Pinochet, Eurasian Matasa Union da sauran manyan ago. Innovation ne oprichnina ko hallakaswa, makaman nukiliya ko bayanai - da kuma mutane suna mutuwa har yanzu (a kalla nagartaccen azabtarwa), niƙẽwa birni, ya shiga cikin wani abu wulakantacce kasar bursting tare da kiwon lafiya. Oprichnina rashin alheri kafa a duniya fiye da tabbaci fiye da kursiyin Rasha shugabanni. Kuma ko da mafi hakuri da yawa a sassa na duniya tamu, wanda koya ganin an cewa shi ne oprichnina.